Iimveliso zekhadi ezi-5 ezigobayo eziphezulu zokubamba umbane kukhuseleko lwentambo zombane ziiassembly ezikhethekileyo zokugquma ezenzelwe ukukhusela izibambi zokutshixa kwiinqaba zothumelo ngelixa kugcinwa ukucoceka okubalulekileyo kombane. Ezi zixhobo, ezihlala zibizwa ngokuba zizibiyeli zokubanjwa okanye amakhadi axhomayo, zidibanisa i-fiberglass yamandla e-dielectric ephezulu kunye nezixhobo zentsimbi ezinganyangekiyo kwi-corrosion ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusekwa okuthembekileyo kunye nokuzinza komatshini phantsi kweemeko zemozulu ezibi. Ukukhetha imveliso eyiyo kubandakanya ukuphonononga umthamo wokuthwala umthwalo, umgama we-creepage, kunye nokuhambelana neeklasi ezithile zamandla ombane ukusuka kwi-11kV ukuya kwi-500kV iinkqubo.

Indima ebalulekileyo yokugoba amaKhadi okuBambisa uMbane kwiGrid Stability

Iziseko zothutho lwamandla zijongene nezoyikiso ezithe gqolo ezisuka kumoya ogqithisileyo wombane. Ikhadi elibamba umbane eligobayo lisebenza njengojongano oluphambili lomatshini phakathi kwesakhiwo senqaba kunye nesixhobo sokhuselo lokutya. Ngokungafaniyo neepleyiti zokuxhoma ezisemgangathweni, ezi "goba" okanye ulungelelwaniso lwe-angled luyinjineli ukuze kuphuculwe indlela yokukhupha kunye nokuthintela ukukhanya ngexesha leziganeko zesiphango.

Kuyilo lwegridi yanamhlanje, ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yokunyuka kubaluleke kakhulu njengoko umbambeli ngokwakhe. Ukuba ulwakhiwo lwenkxaso aluphumeleli ngenxa yomthwalo womoya okanye i-corrosion, yonke inkqubo yokukhusela iyawa. Iinjineli zibeka phambili ezi nxalenye kuba zinefuthe ngqo kwi I-flashover voltage kunye nesidima somzimba wesikhululo esingaphantsi okanye umgca wothumelo.

• Inkxaso yoomatshini: Imelana nemithwalo yomoya onzima, ukufumba komkhenkce, kunye nomsebenzi wenyikima ngaphandle kokuguquka.
• Ukugqunywa koMbane: Ibonelela ngokwahluka okuyimfuneko phakathi kwenqaba ephantsi kunye nendlu yokubamba indawo yokuhlala.
• Ukuxhathisa ukonakala: Isebenzisa intsimbi eshushu yokudipha okanye intsimbi engatyiwayo ukuze iphile kwiindawo ezirhabaxa eziselunxwemeni okanye kwimizi-mveliso.
• Ukufakela uBubhetyebhetye: Uyilo “lokugoba” luvumela ii-engile ezilungelelanisiweyo ukuba zilingane iijiyometri zenqaba kunye nolungiselelo lomqhubi.

Imigangatho yoShishino efana ne-IEEE C62.11 kunye ne-IEC 60099-4 ichaza iimfuno zokusebenza zababambeli botyando, kodwa i-hardware enyukayo kufuneka ihambelane neekhowudi zesakhiwo ezifana ne-ASCE 10. Ikhadi lokugoba elikumgangatho ophezulu liqinisekisa ukuba umbambi uhlala ngaphakathi kweeparitha ezichaziweyo zokusebenza kuyo yonke inkonzo yayo.

Iindidi zeeMveliso eziPhezulu ezi-5 zokuBeka iKhadi lokuBamba uMbane ngo-2026

Xa kucaciswa izixhobo zokhuseleko lwentambo yombane, iinjineli zidla ngokuhlela izisombululo zokunyusela ngokusekwe kudidi lwamandla ombane, ukwakhiwa kwemathiriyeli, kunye nolungiselelo lwesakhiwo. Ezi ndidi zintlanu zilandelayo zemveliso zimele umgangatho wangoku woshishino lweenkqubo zenkxaso yokubamba umsebenzi ophezulu.

1. Izibiyeli zeNtsimbi eSetyenzisiweyo zoMsebenzi oMnzi-Dip (11kV – 33kV)

Ukusasaza amanethiwekhi, isisombululo esona sixhaphakileyo sisibiyeli esinzima sentsimbi. Ezi yunithi zenziwe ngentsimbi yekhabhoni eqinileyo kwaye ziphantsi kwenkqubo engqongqo yediphu yokuntywila ukuze kufumaneke ukutyeba kokugquma okungama-85 microns.

Inkalo "yokugoba" kolu didi ibhekiselele kwii-angular offsets ezenziwe ngaphambili ezivumela ukuba umbanjwa aphakanyiswe kude nomlenze wenqaba. Le offset yandisa umgama wokukrekretha, inciphisa umngcipheko wongcoliseko lomoya kwiindawo ezinothuli okanye ezinetyuwa. Ezi mveliso zithandwa ngenxa yeendleko-zokusebenza kunye nokulula ukufakela usebenzisa uqhagamshelo oluqhelekileyo olufakwe ngebholiti.

• Izixhobo: Q235 okanye Q345 Carbon Steel.
• Ukwaleka: I-Hot-dip Galvanized (HDG) ngokwe-ASTM A123.
• Umthamo womthwalo: Yenzelwe imithwalo ethe nkqo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2.5 kN.
• Isicelo: Ilungele imigca yokusasaza emaphandleni kunye nezikhululo ezingaphantsi kwedolophu.

2. Amakhadi okuKhokela okuDityanisiweyo aDityanisiweyo aDityanisiweyo (66kV – 110kV)

Njengoko amanqanaba ombane esanda, ubunzima bezibambisi beporcelain bemveli buba ngumngeni wolwakhiwo. Udidi lwesibini lwemveliso ephezulu ludibanisa ikhadi lokunyuka ngokuthe ngqo kunye ne-composite insulator core. Le ndlela ye-hybrid inciphisa ubunzima obupheleleyo kwinqaba ngelixa ibonelela nge-hydrophobicity ephezulu.

La makhadi okugoba abonisa i-fiberglass-reinforced polymer (FRP) core esebenza njengengalo yolwakhiwo kunye ne-insulator yombane. Izifakelo zentsimbi zokuphela kwentsimbi zixinaniswe kusetyenziswa iinkqubo eziphucukileyo zehydraulic ukuqinisekisa ukuba akukho ukutyibilika phantsi koxinzelelo. Olu yilo lusebenza ngokukodwa kwiindawo ezithandwa kakhulu kwimizila yeentaka okanye ukungcoliseka okukhulu.

• Izinto ezingundoqo: I-Epoxy Fiberglass Rod.
• Izindlu: Irabha yeSilicone ene-UV stabilizers.
• Ukugoba Amandla: Igqithise 300 MPa.
• I-advanteji: Ukuphelisa imfuno yeentambo ezihlukeneyo ze-insulator, ukugcina indawo kunye nobunzima.

3. Adjustable Angle Stainless Steel Assemblies (220kV – 500kV)

Kwiintambo zothumelo lwamandla ombane aphezulu (EHV), ukuchaneka kubaluleke kakhulu. Udidi lwesithathu lubandakanya iindibano zensimbi ezingenasici ezilungelelanisiweyo ngokupheleleyo. Ezi mveliso zivumela iinjineli zentsimi ukuba zilungise kakuhle i-engile yokugoba yesibambisi emva kofakelo ukulungiselela ukwandiswa kwe-thermal okanye i-tower sway.

Yakhiwe ukusuka kwi-304 okanye i-316L yensimbi engenasici, la makhadi anikezela ukuchasana okukhethekileyo kuxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking. Uyilo lubandakanya imingxunya etyhidiweyo kunye nezihlanganisi ezijikelezayo ezitshixa ngokukhuselekileyo xa i-engile eyiyo ifezekisiwe. Oku bhetyebhetye kubaluleke kakhulu kwimigca ye-EHV apho nokuba ukungahambi kakuhle okuncinci kunokukhokelela ekuhanjisweni kombane ongalinganiyo.

• IBanga leMathiriyeli: I-AISI 316L yezicelo zonxweme.
• Ulungelelwaniso: I-0 ukuya kwi-45-degree uhlengahlengiso lwe-angular.
• Izibophelelo: Zonke izinto zehardware ezibandakanyiweyo azinamagnetic ukunqanda ukufudumeza kwangoku kwe-eddy.
• Sebenzisa Imeko: Iintaba kunye nokunqumla imilambo okude.

4. Imodyuli ye-FRP yokugoba iiArms kwiGantries yesiKhululo esincinci

Iiganti zezitishi zifuna izisombululo ezixineneyo kodwa ezomeleleyo. Uhlobo lwesine lwemveliso yimodyuli ye-FRP yokugoba ingalo. Ngokungafaniyo neesanti zesiqwenga esinye, ezi zidityanisiwe kwiimodyuli ze-fiberglass ezidibeneyo ezinokumiselwa kubude obahlukeneyo kunye ne-bend radii.

Le modularity yenza lula ulungiselelo kunye nokugcinwa. Kwisiza, amagcisa anokudibanisa ubude obuchanekileyo obufunekayo kulungiselelo oluthile lwebhasi. Izinto ze-FRP zibonelela ngeempawu ezibalaseleyo ze-dielectric kwaye zikhuselekile kwi-corrosion ye-electrochemical, iyenza ifanelekele i-GIS yangaphakathi (i-Gas Insulated Switchgear) izandiso kunye neeyadi ze-AIS zangaphandle ngokufanayo.

• Ulwakhiwo: Iiprofayili ze-Pultruded FRP ezine-resin-rich surface veil.
• Amandla eDielectric: >20 kV/mm.
• Umlinganiselo womlilo: Ukuzicima (UL94 V-0).
• Ulungiso: Ukugcinwa kuka-zero kuyadingeka; akukho kupeyintwa okanye ukuthambisa.

5. IiNkqubo zokuNgxhomeka eziMelisiweyo eziXhwatshazelwa yiSeismic-Resistant

Kwiindawo ezisebenza ngokushukumayo, iindawo eziphakamileyo eziqinileyo zinokusilela ngexesha lenyikima. Udidi lwesihlanu lubonisa iinkqubo zokugxumeka ezimanzi ezixhathisa kwinyikima. La makhadi agobayo abandakanya i-viscoelastic dampers okanye i-bellows eguquguqukayo ngaphakathi kwengalo yesakhiwo ukufunxa amandla e-kinetic.

Uyilo luvumela umbambi ukuba ashukume kancinci ngexesha leziganeko zenyikima ngaphandle kokuhambisa uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo kwizindlu zeporcelain okanye iindawo zokudityaniswa kwenqaba. Obu bugcisa bube yimfuneko enyanzelekileyo kwiikhowudi ezininzi zegridi yesizwe emva kovavanyo lwamva nje lwejoloji. Imele incopho yokhuseleko lobunjineli kwiziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo.

• Indlela yokuDampisa: I-laminates ye-rubber-metal edibeneyo.
• Ukalisho lweNdawo yenyikima: Iyahambelana neemfuno zeZone 4 kunye ne-5.
• Umthwalo onamandla: Ifunxa imithwalo yokothuka ukuya kuthi ga kwi-0.5g yokukhawulezisa.
• Umba woKhuseleko: Umda owomeleziweyo wokhuseleko lwezindlu zababambeli ezinqabileyo.

Uthelekiso lobuGcisa lwe-Top Arrester Mounting Solutions

Ukukhetha ikhadi elibambekayo lokugoba umbane lifuna uhlalutyo olucacileyo lweeparamitha zobugcisa. Itheyibhile engezantsi ithelekisa iindidi ezintlanu zeemveliso ezikhokelayo ezisekwe kwiimetriki eziphambili zobunjineli ezifanelekileyo kwimigangatho yegridi ka-2026.

Iikhrayitheriya zokuKhetha eziPhambili zoKhuseleko lweZixhobo zoMbane zoMbane

Ukukhetha ikhadi eligobayo lokubamba umbane akukhona nje ukukhetha into yekhathalogu. Ifuna uvandlakanyo olucwangcisiweyo lweemeko ezikhethekileyo zesiza kunye neemfuno zombane. Iinjineli kufuneka ziqwalasele izinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide.

Mechanical Load izibalo

Ikhadi lokunyuswa kufuneka lixhase ubunzima obufileyo besibambi kunye nemithwalo eguqukayo. Uxinzelelo lomoya lubalwa ngokusekelwe kwidatha yendawo yemozulu, ehlala ifuna ukhuseleko lwe-2.5 okanye ngaphezulu. Ukulayishwa komkhenkce yenye iparameter ebalulekileyo kwimozulu esemantla, apho umkhenkce oqokelelweyo unokuphinda kabini ububanzi obusebenzayo bendibano, ukwandisa kakhulu ukutsalwa komoya.

Ifomula yoqikelelo lomthwalo womoya:

F = 0.613 * V² * A * Cd

Apho u-V sisantya somoya, A yingingqi eqikelelweyo, kwaye i-Cd yi-coefficient yokutsala. Ikhadi lokugoba kufuneka limelane nalo mandla ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okusisigxina.

Ukucocwa koMbane kunye neCreepage Distance

Ijometri yekhadi lokugoba lichaphazela ngqo ukukhutshwa kombane. "I-bend" idla ngokuyilwa ukutyhala umbambeli ngakumbi kwisakhiwo esisezantsi ukunyusa i-gap yomoya. Ukongezelela, indlela yomhlaba (umgama we-creepage) kufuneka yanele ukukhusela ukulandelela phantsi kweemeko ezimanzi kunye nezingcolileyo.

• Umgama othe ngqo weCreepage: Ngokuqhelekileyo i-25mm/kV ukuya ku-31mm/kV ngokuxhomekeke kudidi longcoliseko (IEC 60815).
• Ukucoca umoya: Kufuneka ibambelele kumgama osezantsi wesigaba ukuya emhlabeni ochazwe ziikhowudi zegridi zasekhaya.
• UHlelo lweNdawo yoMbane: Imiphetho ebukhali kwikhadi lentsimbi kufuneka ithintelwe okanye igudiswe ukunqanda ukukhutshwa kwecorona.

Ukuqina kokusingqongileyo

Izixhobo kufuneka zikhethwe ngokusekelwe kokusingqongileyo. Iiprojekthi zaselunxwemeni zifuna i-316L yentsimbi engatyiwayo okanye imidibaniso yodidi oluphezulu ukumelana nokutshizwa kwetyuwa. Iindawo zoshishino ezinamaqondo aphezulu e-sulfur dioxide zifuna iingubo ezimelana nemvula yeasidi. Ukumelana ne-UV kubalulekile kuwo onke amacandelo e-polymeric ukuthintela ukutshixa kunye nokulahleka kwamandla oomatshini ngokuhamba kwexesha.

UFakelo lweZenzo eziNgcono kunye neempazamo eziqhelekileyo

Nelona khadi liphezulu lokugoba umbane liya kusilela ukuba lifakwe ngokungalunganga. Ukubambelela kwiiprothokholi zofakelo olungqongqo kubalulekile ekugcineni imigangatho yeEEAT ekusebenzeni kobunjineli.

Isikhokelo sokuFakelo seNyathelo-ngenyathelo

1. Ukuhlolwa kwendawo: Qinisekisa iindawo zokuxhoma inqaba ukwenzela imfezeko yolwakhiwo kunye nolungelelwaniso. Coca nayiphi na i-rust okanye i-debris kwiindawo zoqhagamshelwano.
2. Ukuqinisekiswa kweNdibano: Qwalasela zonke iibholithi, iiwasha, kunye namandongomane okutshixa kwibhili yemathiriyeli. Qinisekisa ukuba akukho malungu awonakeleyo ngexesha lokuhamba.
3. Usetyenziso lweTorque: Sebenzisa i-torque wrench elinganisiweyo ukuqinisa izibophelelo kumaxabiso achaziweyo omenzi. Ukuqiniswa ngokugqithisileyo kunokuhluba imisonto; Ukuqiniswa ngaphantsi kukhokelela ekukhululweni phantsi kwe-vibration.
4. Uhlengahlengiso lwe-engile: Kwiimodeli ezihlengahlengiswayo, seta i-angle yokugoba ngokwemizobo yoyilo ngaphambi kokuqina kokugqibela. Sebenzisa i-inclinometer yedijithali ukuchaneka.
5. UQhakamshelwano loMhlaba: Qinisekisa ukuba isiphelo esisezantsi sombambisi kunye nesibiyeli esinyukayo (ukuba i-conductive) ibotshelelwe ngokufanelekileyo kwigridi yomhlaba oyinqaba.
6. Uhlolo lokugqibela: Qhuba ujongo olubonakalayo lokucoceka okufanelekileyo kunye nokhuseleko. Yenza uvavanyo lwe-megger ukuba lufunwa yimithetho elandelwayo yendawo.

Iimpazamo zoFakelo eziQhelekileyo ekufuneka uziphephe

• Ukungahoyi Ukwandiswa kweThermal: Ukungaphumeleli ukunika ingxelo ngokwandiswa kunye nokucutheka kweengalo zetsimbi ezinde kunokubangela i-buckling okanye i-bolt shear kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu.
• Iintsimbi ezixubeneyo: Ukudibanisa i-aluminium arresters ngokuthe ngqo kwiibrakethi zetsimbi ngaphandle kwe-bimetallic washers kukhokelela ekugqithiseni ngokukhawuleza kwe-galvanic.
• UkuTshixa okunganelanga: Ukungahoyi ukusebenzisa i-spring washers okanye iikhompawundi zokutshixa intambo kwiindawo ezishukumayo eziphezulu (kufuphi nohola wendlela okanye oololiwe).
• Ukonakaliswa kweMiqadi: Ukukrwela umaleko wegalvanized ngexesha lofakelo ngaphandle kokulungiswa ngokukhawuleza kwe-touch-up kudala indawo ye-nucleation ye-rust.

Izicwangciso-qhinga zokuGcinwa koMsebenzi weXesha elide

Ngelixa amakhadi okubamba umbane anamhlanje enzelwe ukugcinwa okuphantsi, ukuhlolwa kwamaxesha athile kuyafuneka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukhuseleko oluqhubekayo. Ishedyuli yokulungisa esebenzayo yandisa ubomi be-asethi kwaye inqanda ukucinywa kwezinto okungacetywanga.

UHlolo oluBonakalayo lwesiqhelo

Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo konyaka kufuneka kugxininise kwiimpawu zokubola, izibophelelo ezikhululekile, kunye nomonakalo womzimba. Jonga ukuguquka kombala kwimigangatho yentsimbi enokuthi ibonise ukutshisa okanye i-arcing. Jonga imeko yezindlu zepolymer kwiiyunithi ezihlanganisiweyo ngeempawu zokulandela umkhondo okanye ukhukuliseko.

Iitshekhi zokugcinwa kweTorque

Rhoqo kwiminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5, iisampulu yoqhagamshelo lwebholiti kufuneka ijongwe ukugcinwa kwetorque. Ukungcangcazela okuvela komoya kunye nentshukumo ye-conductor kunokukhulula ngokuthe ngcembe izibophelelo. Ukuguqulwa kwakhona kwinkcazo kuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwesakhiwo sendibano.

Ulawulo loMhlwa

Ukuba kufunyaniswe umhlwa kumphezulu ongephi kwizinto ezenziwe ngegalvanized, kufuneka zibrashwe ngocingo kwaye zinyangwe ngenkomponi etyebileyo yezinc ebandayo yokuthantamisa ngokukhawuleza. Ngensimbi engenasici, susa naziphi na iidiphozithi zentsimbi usebenzisa iijeli zokudlula ukubuyisela umaleko okhuselweyo okhuselweyo.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (FAQ)

Yintoni umsebenzi ophambili wekhadi eligobayo lokubamba umbane?

Umsebenzi ophambili kukuxhasa ngomatshini isibambi sokutyanda ngelixa usibeka kumgama okhuselekileyo wombane ukusuka kwisakhiwo senqaba esezantsi. Uyilo "lokugoba" lukhulisa indlela ye-flashover kwaye ivumelane neejometri zenqaba ethile.

Ndikhetha njani phakathi kwentsimbi kunye namakhadi okuxhoma adibeneyo?

Khetha intsimbi yezisombululo ezingabizi kakhulu kwizicelo ze-voltage ezisezantsi ukuya eziphakathi kunye neemeko eziqhelekileyo zokusingqongileyo. Ukukhetha i-composite (FRP) amakhadi ahlanganisiweyo ombane ophezulu, indawo ezonakalisayo, okanye apho ukunciphisa ubunzima kubalulekile kwisakhiwo senqaba.

Ngaba la makhadi anyuswayo ayahambelana nazo zonke iimpawu zokubamba?

Uninzi lwamakhadi okugoba asemgangathweni asebenzisa iipateni zeflange jikelele kunye nezangqa zebholiti ezihambelana nabavelisi abakhulu bababambeli bamazwe ngamazwe. Nangona kunjalo, iiadaptha zesiko zinokufuneka kuyilo lwezindlu olunobunikazi okanye olungelulo oluqhelekileyo.

Buthini ubomi obulindelekileyo besibiyeli sokuxhoma sediphu eshushu?

Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo zomoya, isibiyeli esinezibiyeli esifanelekileyo sinokuhlala iminyaka engama-25 ukuya kwengama-30. Kwiindawo ezinobundlobongela ezinxwemeni okanye kwimizi-mveliso, ixesha lokuphila lingancitshiswa libe yi-15-20 iminyaka ngaphandle kwemilinganiselo eyongezelelweyo yokukhusela.

Ngaba ndifuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokufakela ii-angle ezilungelelanisiweyo?

Ewe, ukufaka iindibano ezilungelelanisiweyo ngokuqhelekileyo kufuna i-torque wrench kunye ne-inclinometer okanye i-protractor ukuseta i-angle yokugoba echanekileyo. Ezinye iimodeli zenyikima zinokufuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo zokulinganisa ezibonelelwa ngumenzi.

Isiphelo kunye neeNgcebiso zobuNjineli

Ukukhetha iimveliso zekhadi lokugoba umbane sisigqibo esilinganisa ukomelela koomatshini, ukusebenza kombane, kunye nokomelela kokusingqongileyo. Njengoko iigridi zamandla ziguqukela kumandla aphezulu kunye nokubekw' esweni okukrelekrele, isiseko sehardware esixhasa ukhuseleko lokutya kufuneka sihlangabezane nemigangatho engqongqo. Iindidi ezintlanu ezichaziweyo-ukusuka kwizibiyeli ezinobunzima obunzima ukuya kwiinkqubo eziphucukileyo zenyikima-zinika izisombululo ezilungiselelwe iimfuno ezahlukeneyo zeziseko zophuhliso.

Ukuhanjiswa kwezixhobo ezijolise kwindleko-esebenzayo, i Izibiyeli zentsimbi ezishushu-Dip hlala ulihashe kushishino. Ngokuchaseneyo, abasebenzisi bothumelo abalawula iintambo ze-EHV kwiindawo ezinomngeni kufuneka babeke phambili IiNdibano zeNtsimbi eziLungisayo okanye IiKhadi eziDityanisiweyo eziDityanisiweyo ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka okuphezulu kunye nokulungiswa okuncitshisiweyo okuphezulu.

Iinjineli kunye neengcali zokuthengwa kwempahla ziyakhuthazwa ukuba zivavanye iimfuno zazo zeprojekthi ngokuthelekisa nemilinganiselo yobugcisa exoxiwe. Ukukhetha okufanelekileyo kuthintela ukungaphumeleli kweendleko kwaye kuqinisekisa ixesha elide lomnatha wombane.

Ngaba ukulungele ukwandisa isicwangciso sakho sokukhusela umgca wamandla?

Iqela lethu ligxile ekuboneleleni ngezisombululo zekhadi lokugoba umbane eligobayo elenzelwe iklasi yakho yombane kunye nemingeni yokusingqongileyo. Nokuba ufuna izinto ezisemgangathweni zekhathalogu okanye ubunjineli bespoke kuyilo oluntsonkothileyo lwesikhululo esincinci, sinobuchule bokuzisa.

Qhagamshelana nesebe lethu lentengiso yobugcisa namhlanje ukuze ucele iinkcukacha ezicacileyo, imizobo yeCAD, kunye nekowuti ekhuphisanayo yeprojekthi yakho elandelayo.

Phonononga uluhlu lwethu olupheleleyo lweeMveliso zoKhuseleko loMbane kunye nezisombululo zobuGcisa