Jerin Photovoltaic: Yanayin Kasuwa na gaba? 

Bari mu yanke amo. Kowane mutum yana magana ne game da fadada sikelin terawatt da O&M mai-kore AI, amma ainihin labarin yana cikin ramuka - juriyar sarkar samar da kayayyaki, mummunan tattalin arziƙi na kayan haɓakawa, kuma ko sabon layin heterojunction shine ainihin banki. Wannan ba game da hasashe masu sheki ba ne; game da abin da ya tsaya, abin da ya karye, da kuma inda kuɗin ke motsawa a hankali gaba.

Mafi arha Labarin Watt da Haƙiƙanin Abu

Tsawon shekaru, tseren ya kasance guda ɗaya: tuƙi ƙasa $/W. Wannan ya kai mu ga rinjayen PERC da girman wafer da ke tsalle daga M6 zuwa G12 a cikin abin da ya ji kamar kiftawa. Amma kuskuren a nan yana ɗauka cewa rage farashi yana da layi kuma marar iyaka. Mun buga bango tare da amfani da manna azurfa. Ko da tare da bugu na gaba-gaba, tantanin halitta na PERC har yanzu yana amfani da kusan 85mg na azurfa kowace tantanin halitta. Tare da na'urorin PV na duniya da aka yi hasashen za su kai 500GW kowace shekara ta tsakiyar shekaru goma, buƙatar azurfa kawai daga PV za ta kasance mai ban mamaki. Wannan ba mai dorewa ba ne. Yana tilasta ma'auni ba kawai a cikin gine-ginen tantanin halitta-kamar TOPCon ta ɗan ƙaramin amfani da manna ba-amma a cikin ilimin kimiyyar kayan abu. Copper electroplating shine mafita mai raɗaɗi, amma na ga layin matukin jirgi suna gwagwarmaya tare da mannewa da dogaro na dogon lokaci a cikin gwajin zafi mai ɗanɗano. Halin da ake ciki na gaba ba kawai sabon fasahar salula ba ne; shi ne wanda ya fara farfashe kwalaben kayan.

Wannan yana haɗawa da wani abu kamar na yau da kullun kamar hawa. Lokacin da kake tura GWs na iya aiki, ma'aunin tsarin (BOS) ya zama sarki. Wannan shine inda kayan aiki, kwayoyi da kusoshi a zahiri, ke samun mahimmanci. Na tuna wani aiki a Texas inda dole ne mu dakatar da gine-gine saboda ƙayyadaddun hanji don tsarin mai bin diddigi ya gaza yin gwajin fitar da wuri kwatsam. Tsarin maye gurbin ya haifar da jinkiri na makonni uku. Mai kawo kaya? Ba wani shagon tashi-da-dare ba, amma babban ƙwararren masana'anta. Ya haskaka tazara tsakanin takaddun ƙayyadaddun lab da aikin filin ƙarƙashin nauyi mai ƙarfi. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yanzu sayayya ke kallon gabaɗayan yanayin yanayin injina, ba kawai na'urori ba.

Maganar hakan, kwanan nan na ci karo da wani mai kaya. Hannun Zetai Mretering co., Ltd. (zaka iya samun su a https://www.zitaifaseners.com). Sun dogara ne a Yongnian, Hebei - zuciyar samar da daidaitattun sassa na kasar Sin. Wurin su kusa da manyan hanyoyin jigilar kayayyaki kamar titin dogo na Beijing-Guangzhou da babbar titin ƙasa ta 107 babban fa'ida ce ga na'ura mai ƙarancin ƙima. Yana da tunatarwa cewa an gina kashin bayan masana'antar PV akan waɗannan manyan gungun masana'antu na musamman. Kasancewarsu ba ta nuna wani yanayi ba, amma juyin halittarsu-zuwa ƙarin sutura masu jure lalata, ingantacciyar rayuwa ta gajiyawa don firam ɗin ƙirar bifacial-zai zama alamar dabarar inda ake sa ran abubuwan damuwa na inji a cikin shigarwa na gaba.

Haɓakar Makamashi shine Sabon Inganci

Allon jagororin ingantaccen tsarin aiki suna da kyau don kanun labarai, amma tattaunawar a ƙasa ta rikiɗe zuwa yawan kuzari. Wannan shine awoyi kilowatt da kuke girbe sama da shekaru 25. Wannan yana kawo bifaciality, ƙimar zafin jiki, da martani na kallo zuwa mai da hankali sosai. Na yi tafiya da yawa shafuka inda ribar bayan baya ta lalace ta hanyar yanke shawara na ƙarshe na ƙarshe don ajiyewa akan tsayin daka ko amfani da murfin ƙasa mafi kyau. Ka'idar 15% riba ta zama 5%. Darasi mai raɗaɗi a cikin haɗin tsarin.

Gwajin na ainihi yana cikin yanayi mara kyau. Mun tura wasu na farkon n-type TOPCon batches a cikin babban hamada, babban rukunin UV. Juriya ta farko ta PID ta kasance tauraro, amma mun lura a hankali, gurɓataccen ƙarfin ƙarfin da ke da alaƙa da lalatawar UV-induced na mu'amalar encapsulant, matsalar da ba a bayyana ba a cikin tsofaffin nau'ikan p-type. Ba mai nunin nuni bane, amma ya tweaked samfurin LCOE. Waɗannan mahimman bayanai ne, wuraren bayanan filin na dogon lokaci waɗanda za su tsara tsara na gaba na tantanin halitta da marufi, wucewa sama da daidaitattun jerin sa'o'i 1000 DH/TC/UV a cikin lab.

Wannan mayar da hankali kan yawan amfanin ƙasa kuma yana haifar da haɗaɗɗiyar hanya. Ba wai kawai game da zaɓar tsakanin TOPCon ko HJT ba. Ina ganin ƙarin ƙira waɗanda ke haɗa fasahohi a cikin tsire-tsire guda ɗaya-HJT akan ƙuntatawa, wurare masu daraja na rufin rufin don ingantaccen aikin sa a cikin haske da zafi, da girma, PERC ko TOPCon mai rahusa akan buɗaɗɗen ƙasa. Wannan ingantaccen tsari, tushen fayil don ɗaukar fasaha shine mahimmin yanayin da tsantsar labarun R&D galibi ke ɓacewa.

Inverter a matsayin Grid Citizen

Inverters suna zama kwakwalwar shuka, ba kawai mai canza DC-AC ba. Halin da ake yi shine ƙarfin samar da grid. Mun wuce ma'anar kawai ciyarwa cikin iko. Tare da grid inertia yana faɗuwa saboda shuke-shuken thermal masu ritaya, ana buƙatar sabbin shuke-shuke don samar da inertia na roba, goyon bayan wutar lantarki, da hawan-ta yayin kuskure. Na zauna ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa inda ma'aikacin grid ya ƙi shuka saboda madaidaicin ikonsa (Q) ikon sarrafawa ya yi jinkirin, ta millise seconds. Wannan jinkirin yana nufin ba zai iya taimakawa wajen daidaita ƙarfin wutar lantarki na kusa ba. Kayan aikin yana da ƙarfi, amma firmware ɗin bai kasance ba. Gyaran ya ɗauki watanni shida na sabunta software da sake tabbatarwa.

Wannan yana tura masana'antar zuwa ga na'urorin lantarki waɗanda ke da alaƙa da grid. Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFETs a cikin na gaba-gen inverters suna ba da damar haɓaka juzu'i masu yawa, wanda ke haifar da ƙarami masu tacewa, amma mafi mahimmanci, suna ba da damar sarrafa sauri da daidaitaccen ikon sarrafa raƙuman ruwa. Wannan shiru ne, yanayin bayan-panel wanda ke da mahimmanci don kwanciyar hankali kasuwa a nan gaba fiye da 0.5% cikakkiyar ribar inganci a cikin tsari.

Kalubalen haɗin kai yana da girma. Yanzu dole ne ku ƙirƙira halayen ɗan lokaci na lantarki na duk wurin shakatawar ku na hasken rana yana mu'amala tare da grid mai rauni. Yana buƙatar sabon fasaha, haɗa tsarin injiniyan wutar lantarki tare da lantarki. Kamfanonin da suka mallaki wannan matakin sarrafa tsarin za su kulle cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa na kwangilar EPC.

Adana: Abokin da Ba Ya Rabawa

Kiran shi PV plus ajiya ya riga ya tsufa. A cikin kasuwanni da yawa, PV kawai, tare da ɗaukan ajiya. Halin yana zuwa ga gine-ginen DC-haɗe-haɗe, inda batura suka haɗa kai tsaye zuwa bas ɗin PV array's DC kafin inverter. Amfanin dacewa yana da ma'ana - kuna guje wa sake zagayowar jujjuyawar DC-AC-DC-AC. Amma ainihin fa'ida shine sarrafawa. Kuna iya daidaita fitowar PV daidai don dacewa daidai da ƙimar inverter kuma kunna duk wani wuce gona da iri kai tsaye a cikin baturi. Mun sake gyara masana'antar 100MWac tare da tsarin haɗin 40MWh DC. Bangaren yaudara ba kayan masarufi ba ne; shi ne tsarin sarrafa makamashin da aka sake fasalin (EMS) don yin hasashen murfin gajimare da yanke shawara, a cikin daƙiƙa, ko cire daga baturi ko barin PV, duk yayin saduwa da tsarin PPA mai tsauri.

Ana ci gaba da muhawarar ilmin sunadarai. LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) shine tsoho don ajiyar ajiya a yanzu saboda aminci da rayuwar zagayowar. Amma ina sa ido kan sodium-ion. Yawan makamashi yana da ƙasa, amma don sikelin mai amfani, sawun sawun ba shi da mahimmanci fiye da farashin albarkatun ƙasa da samuwa. Idan da'awar rayuwa ta sake zagayowar ta ci gaba a cikin filin, zai iya tarwatsa farashin farashin don aikace-aikacen ajiya na dogon lokaci da ke haɗe da hasken rana, musamman inda ƙimar ke canza kuzari cikin kwanaki, ba kawai sa'o'i ba.

Kasawar da muka yi? Ƙoƙarin farko na sarrafa zafin jiki don batir ɗin kwantena waɗanda suka dogara sosai kan sanyaya iska a cikin wani wurin hamada. Kura ta toshe masu tacewa da sauri fiye da yadda ake tsammani, wanda hakan ya haifar da zafi fiye da kima. Sa ido mai sauƙi, kusan wawa, amma yana biyan mu watanni na aiki. Yanzu takaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai don shingen baturi suna da sabon sashe kan tacewa da hawan keke.

Da'irar: Daga Buzzword zuwa BOM

Dorewa yana motsawa daga PR zuwa lissafin kayan. Ba kawai game da sawun carbon ba kuma; game da zayyana don tarwatsawa da sake yin amfani da su. Dokokin ƙirar eco-eco na zuwa na EU suna da haɗari. Za a iya raba gilashin daga encapsulant (EVA ko POE) a tsabta? Za a iya dawo da wafer silicon? Mafi yawan sake yin amfani da su a halin yanzu shine tarwatsewa - murƙushe bangarori don tarawa a cikin kankare. Matattu kenan.

Wasu masu kera na'urorin yanzu suna ƙira tare da takardar bayan gida na thermoplastic maimakon thermoset, wanda za'a iya sake narkewa. Wasu kuma suna duban mannen ɗabi'a don maye gurbin soldering, yana mai da sauƙi dawo da tantanin halitta. Wannan ba altruism ba ne; yana da tabbaci na gaba game da haɗari na tsari da kuma tabbatar da samun damar zuwa rafukan kayan abu na biyu. Na zagaya wurin sake yin amfani da matukin jirgi wanda ke amfani da haɗe-haɗe na tsarin zafin jiki da sinadarai don lalata sassan. Gilashin da aka kwato yana da isasshen tsafta don komawa cikin layin da ke kan ruwa don sabon gilashin hasken rana. Wannan shine rufaffiyar madauki. Amma tattalin arzikin yana aiki ne kawai a babban ma'auni kuma tare da kayayyaki da aka tsara don shi tun daga farko.

Wannan tunanin har ma ya gangara zuwa ga sassan tsarin. Za a iya daidaita almuran daga ginshiƙan tracker da firam ɗin module cikin sauƙi da sake yin fa'ida? Masana'antar za ta fara neman takaddun shaida - fasfo na kayan aiki - don komai, har zuwa ga hanji. Yana ƙara daɗaɗɗen sarƙaƙƙiya, amma kuma yuwuwar dawo da farashi a ƙarshen rayuwa. Kamfanonin da ke gina waɗannan sarƙoƙi na dabaru a yanzu za su mallaki wani muhimmin yanki na gaba kasuwa.

Halin Dan Adam: Tazarar Ƙwarewa a cikin Cikakken Fage na Fasaha

A ƙarshe, yanayin da babu wanda yake son yin magana game da shi: muna gudu daga mutanen da suka dace. Fasaha tana ci gaba da sauri fiye da yadda za a iya horar da ma'aikata. Abu daya ne don shigar da kayayyaki na PERC; wani abu ne don ƙaddamar da inverter mai ƙirƙira grid ko warware matsalar EMS na tsarin ajiya mai haɗa DC. Na ga ayyukan jinkiri saboda ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun PV na al'ada, ba su da takaddun shaida don yin aiki a gefen canjin MV na sabbin hanyoyin haɗin inverter-skid.

Kasuwa ta gaba za ta rabu. Za a sami ƙima don haɗaɗɗiyar haɗe-haɗe, wayo-hanyoyin hanyoyin adana hasken rana-grid waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙungiyoyin O&M na musamman, galibi ana samun tallafi daga nesa. Kuma za a sami kasuwa don mafi sauƙi, ƙarin kayan aiki masu ƙarfi don aikace-aikacen ƙarancin buƙata. Wanda ya ci nasara ba lallai ne ya sami mafi kyawun fasaha ba, amma mafi kyawun yanayin muhalli don turawa, kiyayewa, da ba da kuɗi. Wannan ya haɗa da samun ingantaccen sarkar samar da kayayyaki ga kowane bangare, daga IGBTs a cikin inverter zuwa kusoshi waɗanda ke riƙe su gaba ɗaya. Domin a ƙarshe, wani yanayin ra'ayi ne kawai har sai an kafa shi a jiki, kuma har yanzu yana ɗaukar maƙarƙashiya, horar da hannu don juya shi, da kuma ɓangaren da ba zai kasa a rana ba.