Uchungechunge lwe-Photovoltaic: Amathrendi emakethe yesikhathi esizayo? 

Ake sinqamule umsindo. Wonke umuntu ukhuluma ngokunwetshwa kwesikali se-terawatt kanye ne-O&M eshayelwa yi-AI, kodwa indaba yangempela isemiseleni—ukuqina kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka, umnotho ononya wokweqisa kwamamojula, nokuthi ingabe lowo mugqa omusha we-heterojunction ungabhanga ngempela yini. Lokhu akuphathelene nezibikezelo ezicwebezelayo; kumayelana nokuthi yini enamathelayo, yini ephukayo, nokuthi imali ihamba kuphi ngokuthula ngokulandelayo.

Inganekwane Yama-Watt Eshibhe Kakhulu Namaqiniso Abalulekile

Iminyaka eminingi, umjaho ububodwa: shayela phansi ngo-$/W. Lokho kusiholele ekubuseni kwe-PERC namasayizi ama-wafer agxuma ukusuka ku-M6 kuya ku-G12 kulokho okuzwakala njengokucwayiza. Kepha amanga lapha ukuthi ukwehlisa izindleko kuqondile futhi akupheli. Sishaye udonga ngokusetshenziswa kwe-silver paste. Ngisho nokuphrinta okuseceleni okuthuthukisiwe, iseli elijwayelekile le-PERC lisasebenzisa cishe u-85mg wesiliva iseli ngalinye. Njengoba ukufakwa kwe-PV yomhlaba wonke kulindeleke ukuthi kufinyelele ku-500GW minyaka yonke maphakathi neshumi leminyaka, isidingo sesiliva esivela ku-PV singamangalisa. Lokho akusimeme. Iphoqelela i-pivot hhayi nje ekwakhiweni kweseli-njengokusetshenziswa kokunamathisela okuphansi kancane kwe-TOPCon-kodwa kusayensi yezinto ezibalulekile. I-Copper electroplating iyisixazululo esihlebezayo, kodwa ngibone imigqa yokushayela idonsa kanzima ngokunamathela kanye nokwethembeka kwesikhathi eside ekuhlolweni kokushisa okumanzi. Isimo sesikhathi esizayo akuwona nje ubuchwepheshe obusha beselula; yilokho umuntu aqala ukuqeda ibhodlela lempahla.

Lokhu kuxhuma kokuthile okujwayelekile njengokukhweza. Uma uthumela ama-GWs womthamo, izindleko zebhalansi yesistimu (BOS) ziba yinkosi. Yilapho i-hardware, amantongomane nama-bolts ngokwezwi nezwi, iba bucayi. Ngikhumbula iphrojekthi eTexas lapho kwadingeka simise khona ukwakhiwa ngenxa yokubaluliwe ama-fasteners ngoba isistimu ye-tracker yehlulekile ukuhlolwa kokuphuma kusayithi kungazelelwe. Inqubo yokushintsha idale ukubambezeleka kwamasonto amathathu. Umphakeli? Akusona isitolo esithile sokuhamba ebusuku, kodwa umkhiqizi omkhulu, oqinisekisiwe. Igqamise igebe phakathi kwamashidi acacisiwe elebhu nokusebenza kwenkambu ngaphansi komthwalo oguquguqukayo. Yingakho ukuthengwa kwempahla manje sekubheka yonke i-ecosystem yemishini, hhayi nje amamojula.

Ngikhuluma nje ngisanda kuhlangana nomthengisi, I-Handan Zitai Fetesser Comment Co, Ltd. (ungabathola ku https://www.zitaifasteners.com). Zizinze e-Yongnian, e-Hebei—inhliziyo yokukhiqizwa kwezingxenye ezijwayelekile zase-China. Indawo yabo eduze kwemithambo emikhulu yezokuthutha efana ne-Beijing-Guangzhou Railway kanye no-National Highway 107 iyinzuzo yakudala yezingxenyekazi zekhompuyutha eziyinqwaba, ezisezingeni eliphansi. Kuyisikhumbuzo sokuthi umgogodla wemboni ye-PV yakhelwe kulawa maqoqo amakhulu, akhethekile ezimboni. Ukuba khona kwazo akusho ukuthi kube nethrendi, kodwa ukuvela kwazo—kuye kuma-coatings amelana nokugqwala, izici ezingcono zokuphila zokukhathala kwamafreyimu amamojula ahlukene kabili—kuzoba inkomba ecashile yalapho kulindelwe amaphuzu okucindezela komshini ekufakweni okuzayo.

I-Energy Yield iwukusebenza Okusha

Amabhodi wabaphambili asebenza kahle kakhulu ezihlokweni, kodwa ingxoxo ephansi isishintshele ekukhiqizeni amandla. Amahora we-kilowatt owavuna eminyakeni engama-25. Lokhu kuletha i-bifaciality, ama-coefficients okushisa, kanye nokusabela kwe-spectral ekugxilweni okubukhali. Ngihambe amasayithi amaningi kakhulu lapho inzuzo engemuva ibekwe engcupheni yisinqumo somzuzu wokugcina sokonga ekuphakameni kwama-rack noma ukusebenzisa ikhava yaphansi yezinga eliphezulu. Inzuzo yethiyori engu-15% ibe ngu-5%. Isifundo esibuhlungu ekuhlanganisweni kwesistimu.

Isivivinyo sangempela sisezindaweni ezinzima. Sifake amanye amaqoqo okuqala ohlobo lwe-n-TOPCon endaweni ewugwadule, ene-UV ephezulu. Ukumelana kokuqala kwe-PID bekuyinkanyezi, kodwa sabona ukuwohloka kwamandla okuhamba kancane, anqwabelene okuxhunywe ekulimaleni okubangelwa yi-UV kwesixhumi esibonakalayo se-encapsulant, inkinga engadalulwanga kakhulu kumamojula amadala ohlobo lwe-p. Kwakungeyona i-showstopper, kodwa iguqule imodeli ye-LCOE. Yilawa maphoyinti edatha enkundla yesikhathi eside acashile azololonga isizukulwane esilandelayo sokupakishwa kweseli nemojula, adlulele ngale kokulandelana okujwayelekile kwe-DH/TC/UV yamahora angu-1000 kulebhu.

Lokhu kugxila ekuvuneni nakho kuqhuba indlela exubile. Akusekho nje ngokukhetha phakathi kwe-TOPCon noma i-HJT. Ngibona amadizayini amaningi axuba ubuchwepheshe ngaphakathi kwesitshalo esisodwa—i-HJT ezikhaleni eziboshelwe, zenani eliphezulu ezisophahleni ngokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu ekukhanyeni okusabalele nokushisa, kanye ne-PERC eshibhile, eshibhile noma i-TOPCon endaweni evulekile. Le ndlela ye-pragmatic, esekelwe kuphothifoliyo yokwamukelwa kobuchwepheshe iwumkhuba oyinhloko ukulandisa okumsulwa kwe-R&D okuvame ukuyiphuthelwa.

I-Inverter njengesakhamuzi seGridi

Ama-inverter aphenduka ubuchopho besitshalo, hhayi nje isiguquli se-DC-AC. Umkhuba ngamakhono okwenza igridi. Sesidlule lapho sidla ngamandla. Njengoba inertia yegridi iwa ngenxa yezitshalo ezishisayo eziyekayo, izitshalo ezintsha ziyacelwa ukuthi zinikeze inertia yokwenziwa, ukusekelwa kwamandla kagesi, kanye nokugibela phakathi kwamaphutha. Ngihlale ngesikhathi sokusebenzisa lapho u-opharetha wegridi enqabe isitshalo ngenxa yokuthi amandla ayo asebenzayo (Q) control looop ayenensa kakhulu, ngama-millisecond. Lokho kubambezeleka kwakusho ukuthi ngeke kusize ukuzinzisa idiphu kagesi eseduze. I-hardware yayinamandla, kodwa i-firmware yayingekho. Ukulungiswa kuthathe izinyanga eziyisithupha zokubuyekezwa kwesofthiwe nokuphinde kunikezwe isitifiketi.

Lokhu kuphushela imboni kuma-elekthronikhi anamandla ahambisana kakhulu negridi. Ama-MOSFET e-Silicon Carbide (SiC) kuma-inverter esizukulwane esilandelayo avumela amaza okushintsha aphezulu, okuholela kuzihlungi ezincane, kodwa okubaluleke kakhulu, anika amandla ukulawulwa okusheshayo nokunembe kakhudlwana kwamagagasi okukhiphayo. Lona umkhuba othule, ongemuva kwephaneli obaluleke kakhulu ekuzinzeni kwezimakethe zesikhathi esizayo kunenzuzo ephelele engu-0.5% kumojuli.

Inselele yokuhlanganisa inkulu. Manje kufanele wenze imodeli yokuziphatha kwe-electromagnetic transient yayo yonke ipaki yakho yelanga esebenzisana negridi ebuthaka. Kudinga isethi yamakhono entsha, ubunjiniyela bezinhlelo zamandla obuhlanganisa namandla kagesi. Izinkampani eziphethe lokhu kulawulwa kwezinga lesistimu zizokhiya eshumini leminyaka elizayo lezinkontileka ze-EPC.

Isitoreji: Uzakwethu Ongahlukaniseki

Ukuyibiza nge-PV plus storage sekuphelelwe yisikhathi. Ezimakethe eziningi, i-PV nje, kucatshangwa ukuthi isitoreji. Umkhuba ubheke ezakhiweni ezihlanganiswe ne-DC, lapho amabhethri exhumeka khona ngqo ebhasini le-DC le-PV array ngaphambi kwesiguquli. Ukuzuza ngokusebenza kahle kunengqondo—ugwema umjikelezo wokuguqulwa kwe-DC-AC-DC-AC. Kodwa inzuzo yangempela ukulawula. Ungakwazi ukunamathisela ngokunembile okukhiphayo kwe-PV ukuze kufane ncamashi nesilinganiso se-inverter kanye nefaneli noma yikuphi okweqile ngqo ebhethrini. Sifake kabusha isitshalo esingu-100MWac ngohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-40MWh DC. Ingxenye ekhohlisayo kwakungeyona i-hardware; bekuwumqondo obuyekeziwe wesistimu yokuphatha amandla (EMS) ukuze ubikezele ikhava yefu futhi unqume, ngemizuzwana, ukuthi uzokhipha ibhethri noma udedele irempu ye-PV, konke ngenkathi kuhlangatshezwana neshejuli ye-PPA eqinile.

Inkulumompikiswano yamakhemikhali iyaqhubeka. I-LFP (i-Lithium Iron Phosphate) iyona ezenzakalelayo yokugcina umile manje ngenxa yokuphepha nempilo yomjikelezo. Kodwa ngibheka isodium-ion. Ukuminyana kwamandla kuphansi, kodwa esikalini sokusetshenziswa, ukunyatheliswa kwezinyawo akubalulekile kunezindleko zempahla eluhlaza kanye nokubakhona. Uma izimangalo zempilo yomjikelezo zibambekile endle, zingaphazamisa intengo yezinhlelo zokusebenza zesitoreji sesikhathi eside ezinamathiselwe ku-solar, ikakhulukazi lapho inani likumandla okushintsha phakathi nezinsuku, hhayi amahora nje.

Ukwehluleka sibe nakho? Imizamo yangaphambi kwesikhathi yokuphatha okushisayo kwamabhethri afakwe esitsheni athembele kakhulu ekupholiseni komoya endaweni ewugwadule. Uthuli luvale izihlungi ngokushesha kunalokho obekulindelwe, okuholela ekushiseni ngokweqile nasekuncipheni. Ukwengamela okulula, okucishe kube ubuwula, kodwa kusibize izinyanga zokusebenza. Manje amashidi akhethekile okuvalwa kwebhethri anesigaba esisha ngokuphelele emijikelezweni yokuhlunga nokulungisa.

Isiyingi: Ukusuka ku-Buzzword kuye ku-BOM

Ukuzinza kuyasuka ku-PR kuye kumthethosivivinywa wezinto zokwakha. Akuseyona nje i-carbon footprint; imayelana nokudizayina ukuqaqa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabusha. Iziyalezo ze-EU ze-eco-design ziyisibikezelo. Ungakwazi yini ukuhlukanisa ingilazi ku-encapsulant (EVA noma i-POE) ngokuhlanzekile? Ungakwazi yini ukubuyisela isicwecwana se-silicon? Iningi lamanje lokugaywa kabusha liwukwehlisa—amaphaneli okuchoboza ukuze ahlanganiswe kukhonkolo. Lokho kuyisiphetho esifile.

Abanye abenzi bamamojula manje baklama nge-thermoplastic polymer backsheet esikhundleni se-thermoset, engancibilika kabusha. Abanye babheka izinto zokunamathisela ezibambayo ukuze zithathe indawo ye-solder, okwenza ukubuyiswa kweseli kube lula. Lokhu akukhona ukuzicabangela; kuwubufakazi besikhathi esizayo ngokumelene nengozi yokulawula kanye nokuvikela ukufinyelela ekusakazweni kwempahla yesibili. Ngike ngavakashela indawo yokushayela kabusha yomshayeli esebenzisa inhlanganisela yezinqubo ezishisayo namakhemikhali ukuze kucishwe amaphaneli. Ingilazi etholiwe yayihlanzekile ngokwanele ukuba ibuyele kulayini wokuntanta ukuze uthole ingilazi entsha yelanga. Lokho kuyiluphu evaliwe. Kepha ezomnotho zisebenza kuphela ngezinga elikhulu futhi ngamamojula aklanyelwe wona kusukela ekuqaleni.

Lokhu kucabanga kuze kufike ezingxenyeni zesakhiwo. Ingabe i-aluminium evela kokuthunyelwe kwe-tracker kanye namafreyimu emojula ingahlelwa kalula futhi igaywe kabusha? Imboni izoqala ukufuna imibhalo-i-passport yezinto ezibonakalayo-yayo yonke into, kuze kube yilapho ama-fasteners. Yengeza ungqimba lobunkimbinkimbi, kodwa futhi namandla okuthola kabusha izindleko ekupheleni kwempilo. Izinkampani ezakha la maketango ezinto eziyisiyingi manje zizoba ngabanikazi bengxenye ebalulekile yesikhathi esizayo imakethe.

I-Human Factor: Igebe Lamakhono Kunkambu Egcwele Ubuchwepheshe

Okokugcina, inkambiso okungekho muntu othanda ukukhuluma ngayo: siphelelwa abantu abalungile. Ubuchwepheshe buthuthuka ngokushesha kunokuba abasebenzi bangaqeqeshwa. Kuyinto eyodwa ukufaka amamojula we-PERC; kungenye ukuthumela isiguquli esakha igridi noma ukuxazulula inkinga i-EMS yesistimu yesitoreji ehlanganiswe ne-DC. Ngibone amaphrojekthi ebambezelekile ngenxa yokuthi ochwepheshe bendawo, abanekhono ku-PV yendabuko, abazange bagunyazwe ukuthi basebenze ohlangothini lwe-MV transformer yezixazululo ezintsha, ezihlanganisiwe ze-inverter-skid.

Imakethe yesikhathi esizayo izoba kabili. Kuzoba nenkokhelo yezixazululo ezididiyelwe kakhulu, ezihlakaniphile ze-solar-storage-grid ezidinga amaqembu akhethekile e-O&M, ngokuvamile asekelwa ukude. Futhi kuzoba nemakethe yamakhithi alula, aqinile wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezingafuneki kangako. Owinile ngeke ngempela abe nobuchwepheshe obuhle kakhulu, kodwa uhlelo lwe-ecosystem olusebenza kahle kakhulu lokulusebenzisa, ukulondolozwe, kanye nokuluxhasa ngezimali. Lokho kufaka phakathi ukuba nochungechunge lokuhlinzeka oluthembekile lwazo zonke izingxenye, kusukela kuma-IGBT ku-inverter kuya kumabhawodi abamba konke ndawonye. Ngoba ekugcineni, ukuthambekela kuwumbono nje kuze kube yilapho kugxilwe ngokwenyama phansi, futhi lokho kusathatha i-wrench, isandla esiqeqeshiwe ukuze siphendule, kanye nengxenye engeke yehluleke elangeni.