Uthotho lwePhotovoltaic: IiNdlela zeMarike ezizayo? 

Masiyinqumle ingxolo. Wonke umntu uthetha malunga nokwandiswa kwe-terawatt-scale kunye ne-AI eqhutywa yi-O & M, kodwa ibali lokwenyani lisemingxunyeni-i-supply chain resilience, uqoqosho olukhohlakeleyo lokugqithiswa kwemodyuli, kunye nokuba loo mgca omtsha we-heterojunction ngokwenene unokubhanka. Oku akukho malunga noqikelelo olukhazimlayo; imalunga nokuba yintoni encamathelayo, yintoni ephukayo, nalapho imali ihamba ngokuzolileyo.

Eyona ntsomi yeWatt exabiso liphantsi kunye neNyaniso yeMpahla

Kangangeminyaka, ugqatso belukwisinye: qhuba uhle $/W. Oko kwasikhokelela kulawulo lwe-PERC kunye neesayizi ze-wafer ezixhuma ukusuka kwi-M6 ukuya kwi-G12 kwinto evakala ngathi kukuqhwanyaza. Kodwa ubuxoki apha kucinga ukuba ukuncitshiswa kweendleko kunomgca kwaye akunasiphelo. Sibethe udonga ngokusetyenziswa kwesilivere yokuncamathisela. Nokuba kushicilelo oluphambili lwangaphambili, iseli eqhelekileyo yePERC isasebenzisa malunga ne-85mg yesilivere kwiseli nganye. Ngofakelo lwePV yehlabathi kuqikelelwa ukuba luza kubetha i-500GW ngonyaka phakathi kwiminyaka elishumi, imfuno yesilivere evela kwi-PV iya kubathusa. Ayinokugcinwa oko. Inyanzela i-pivot kungekuphela nje kulwakhiwo lweeseli-njengokusetyenziswa kwe-TOPCon esezantsi kancinci-kodwa kwisayensi yezinto ezisisiseko. I-Copper electroplating sisisombululo esisebezayo, kodwa ndibone imigca yomqhubi wenqwelomoya izabalaza ngokubambelela kunye nokuthembeka kwexesha elide kwiimvavanyo zobushushu obumanzi. Umkhwa wexesha elizayo awukho nje itekhnoloji entsha yeseli; yeyona nto iqhekeza umqobo wezinto eziphathekayo kuqala.

Oku kudibanisa kwinto eqhelekileyo njengokunyuka. Xa uhambisa ii-GWs zamandla, ibhalansi yenkqubo (BOS) iindleko ziba ngukumkani. Kulapho i-hardware, amantongomane kunye neebholiti ngokwenyani, zibaluleka. Ndikhumbula iprojekthi eTexas apho kwafuneka simise ulwakhiwo ngenxa yokuba luchaziwe Izilonda kuba isixokelelwano somkhondo asiphumelelanga kuvavanyo lokutsalwa ngaphandle kwesiquphe kwindawo. Inkqubo yokutshintshwa kwabangela ukulibaziseka kweeveki ezintathu. Umthengisi? Hayi enye ivenkile fly-by-night, kodwa enkulu, umenzi oqinisekisiweyo. Ibonise umsantsa phakathi kwamaphepha e-lab specs kunye nokusebenza kwentsimi phantsi komthwalo oguqukayo. Yiyo loo nto ukuthengwa kwempahla ngoku kujonge kuyo yonke i-ecosystem yomatshini, hayi iimodyuli kuphela.

Ndithetha ngayo, kutsha nje ndifumene umthengisi, I-Sunnian Zitai Festener Fishaner Comment Com. (ungazifumana apha https //wwww.ziitasteners.com). Bazinze eYongnian, eHebei-intliziyo yemveliso yeengxenye eziqhelekileyo zaseChina. Indawo yabo kufutshane nemithambo emikhulu yezothutho efana neBeijing-Guangzhou Railway kunye neNational Highway 107 yinzuzo yakudala yobuninzi, i-hardware ephantsi. Sisikhumbuzo sokuba umqolo weshishini lePV lakhiwe kula maqela makhulu, akhethekileyo amashishini. Ubukho babo abunyanzelisi umkhwa, kodwa ukuvela kwabo-ukuya kwiingubo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa, ubomi obungcono bokudinwa kwiifreyimu zemodyuli ye-bifacial-iya kuba sisalathiso esifihlakeleyo apho kulindelwe amanqaku oxinzelelo kumatshini kufakelo lwexesha elizayo.

I-Energy Yield yiNdlela eNtsha yokuSebenza

Iibhodi ezikhokelayo zemodyuli zilungile kwizihloko, kodwa incoko ephantsi itshintshele kwisivuno samandla. Zii-kilowatt-iiyure ozivunayo ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-25. Oku kuzisa i-bifaciality, i-coefficients yobushushu, kunye nempendulo ye-spectral ekugxininiseni okubukhali. Ndihambe iindawo ezininzi kakhulu apho inzuzo yangemva iye yaphazamiseka sisigqibo somzuzu wokugqibela ukulondoloza ukuphakama kwe-racking okanye ukusebenzisa i-sub-optimal cover cover. Inzuzo yethiyori ye-15% ibe sisi-5%. Isifundo esibuhlungu ekudibaniseni inkqubo.

Uvavanyo lokwenyani lukwiindawo ezinzima. Sisasaze ezinye zeebhetshi zokuqala ze-n-uhlobo lwe-TOPCon kwindawo ephezulu yentlango, ene-UV ephezulu. Ukuxhatshazwa kokuqala kwe-PID kwakuyi-stellar, kodwa saqaphela ukuthotywa kwamandla okucothayo, okongezelekayo okudityaniswe nokuthotywa kwe-UV-induced of the interface ye-encapsulant, ingxaki engabonakaliyo kwiimodyuli zakudala zohlobo lwe-p. Yayingeyiyo i-showstopper, kodwa yatshintsha imodeli ye-LCOE. Ngala ma-nuanced, amanqaku edatha yexesha elide aya kubumba isizukulwana esilandelayo sokupakishwa kweeseli kunye nemodyuli, ehamba ngaphaya kwe-1000-iyure ye-DH / TC / UV yokulandelelana kwilebhu.

Olu gxininiso kwisivuno lukwaqhuba indlela exubeneyo. Akusekho malunga nokukhetha phakathi kwe-TOPCon okanye i-HJT. Ndibona uyilo olungakumbi oluxuba itekhnoloji ngaphakathi kwesityalo esinye-i-HJT kwindawo ethintelweyo, enexabiso eliphezulu kuphahla lwendawo yokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu ekukhanyeni okusasazeka kunye nobushushu, kunye ne-bulkier, i-PERC ephantsi okanye i-TOPCon kumhlaba ovulekileyo. Le pragmatic, indlela esekwe kwipotfoliyo yokwamkelwa kwetekhnoloji yeyona ndlela iphambili amabali eR&D asulungekileyo ahlala eyiphosa.

I-Inverter njengoMmi weGridi

Ii-inverters ziba nengqondo yesityalo, hayi nje isiguquli se-DC-AC. Umkhwa kukukwazi ukwenza igridi. Sigqithile kwinqanaba lokuzondla nje ngamandla. Nge-inertia yegridi ewayo ngenxa yokuyeka izityalo ezishushu, izityalo ezitsha ziyacelwa ukuba zinikeze inertia yokwenziwa, inkxaso yombane, kunye nokukhwela ngexesha leempazamo. Ndihleli ngokugunyaziswa apho umqhubi wegridi walile isityalo kuba amandla ayo asebenzayo (Q) okulawula loop ayecotha kakhulu, ngeemilliseconds. Oko kulibaziseka kuthetha ukuba akunakunceda kuzinzisa idiphu yombane ekufutshane. I-hardware yayinamandla, kodwa i-firmware yayingekho. Ukulungiswa kuthathe iinyanga ezintandathu zohlaziyo lwesoftware kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwakhona.

Oku kutyhalela ishishini kumandla ombane asebenziseke kakhulu ngokwegridi. I-Silicon Carbide (SiC) I-MOSFETs kwi-inverters ye-next-gen ivumela ukujikeleza okuphezulu kokutshintsha, okukhokelela kwiifilitha ezincinci, kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, zivumela ulawulo olukhawulezayo noluchaneke ngakumbi lweefom zamaza. Le yindlela ethuleyo, esemva kwephaneli ebaluleke ngakumbi kuzinzo lwemarike yexesha elizayo kune-0.5% yokuzuza ngokupheleleyo kwimodyuli.

Umngeni wokuhlanganisa mkhulu. Ngoku kuya kufuneka wenze imodeli yokuziphatha okwethutyana kwe-electromagnetic kuyo yonke ipaki yakho yelanga inxibelelana negridi ebuthathaka. Ifuna isakhono esitsha, ukudibanisa iinkqubo zamandla zobunjineli kunye nombane wombane. Iinkampani ezilawula le nkqubo-yenqanaba lolawulo ziya kuvalwa kwishumi leminyaka leekontraki ze-EPC.

Ugcino: Iqabane elingenakuhlukaniswa

Ukuyibiza ngokuba yiPV kunye nokugcinwa sele kuphelelwe lixesha. Kwiimarike ezininzi, yiPV kuphela, kunye nokugcinwa kucingelwa. Umkhwa ubhekiselele kuyilo oludityanisiweyo lwe-DC, apho iibhetri ziqhagamshela ngqo kwi-PV array's DC ibhasi phambi kwe-inverter. Inzuzo esebenzayo inentsingiselo-uphepha umjikelo wokuguqula i-DC-AC-DC-AC. Kodwa inzuzo yokwenene kukulawula. Unokuyicoca ngokuchanekileyo imveliso ye-PV ukuze ifanise ngokuthe ngqo ukukala kwe-inverter kunye ne-funnel nayiphi na into engaphezulu ngqo kwibhetri. Sifake ngokutsha i-100MWac ngenkqubo edityanisiweyo ye-DC eyi-40MWh. Inxalenye ekhohlisayo yayingeyiyo i-hardware; yayiyinkqubo yolawulo lwamandla ehlaziyiweyo (EMS) logic ukubikezela isigubungelo samafu kwaye uthathe isigqibo, ngemizuzwana, ukuba utsale kwibhetri okanye uvumele i-PV ye-ramp, ngelixa udibana neshedyuli ye-PPA eqinile.

Ingxoxo yekhemistri iyaqhubeka. I-LFP (i-Lithium Iron Phosphate) yinto engagqibekanga yokugcina indawo emileyo ngoku ngenxa yokhuseleko kunye nobomi bomjikelezo. Kodwa ndibeka iliso kwi-sodium-ion. Uxinaniso lwamandla lusezantsi, kodwa kwisikali sosetyenziso, unyawo alubalulekanga kangako kuneendleko zemathiriyeli ekrwada kunye nokufumaneka. Ukuba amabango obomi bomjikelezo abambe kwintsimi, inokuphazamisa umgangatho wexabiso lezicelo zokugcina ixesha elide ezifakwe kwi-solar, ngokukodwa apho ixabiso litshintshile amandla ngeentsuku, kungekhona nje iiyure.

Ukusilela ebesinayo? Iinzame zakwangoko kulawulo lobushushu kwiibhetri ezifakwe kwizikhongozelo ezixhomekeke kakhulu ekupholiseni komoya kwindawo eyintlango. Uthuli luye lwavala izihluzi ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bekucingelwa, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekufudumezweni okukhulu kunye nokuncipha. Ukongamela olulula, oluphantse lube bubudenge, kodwa kwasixabisa iinyanga zokusebenza. Ngoku ii-spec sheets ze-enclosure zebhetri zinecandelo elitsha lonke lokuhluza kunye nemijikelo yokulondolozwa.

Isetyhula: Ukusuka kwi-Buzzword ukuya kwi-BOM

Uzinzo luhamba ukusuka kwi-PR ukuya kwibhili yezixhobo. Akusekho malunga nekhabhoni yonyawo kwakhona; imalunga noyilo lokuqhawula kunye nokurisayikilisha. Izigunyaziso ezizayo zoyilo lwe-eco-design yi-harbinger. Ngaba unokwahlula iglasi kwi-encapsulant (EVA okanye i-POE) ngokucocekileyo? Ngaba ungayifumana kwakhona iwafa yesilicon? Uninzi lwangoku lokurisayikilishwa kukwehliswa—iiphaneli zokutyumza ukuze zidityaniswe kwikhonkrithi. Sisiphelo esibuhlungu eso.

Abanye abenzi bemodyuli ngoku bayila nge-backsheet ye-thermoplastic polymer endaweni ye-thermoset, enokuthi inyibilike kwakhona. Abanye bajonge izinto zokuncamathelisa eziqhubayo zokutshintsha i-soldering, ukwenza ukubuyiswa kweeseli kube lula. Oku asiko-altruism; bubungqina bexesha elizayo ngokuchasene nomngcipheko wolawulo kunye nokukhusela ukufikelela kwimithombo yezinto zesibini. Ndikhe ndakhenketha indawo yokulingwa yokurisayikilisha esebenzisa indibaniselwano yeenkqubo ezishushu kunye neekhemikhali ukucofa iiphaneli. Iglasi efunyenweyo yayiphezulu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ingabuyela kumgca wokudada kwiglasi entsha yelanga. Yiloop evaliweyo. Kodwa uqoqosho lusebenza kuphela kwinqanaba elikhulu kunye neemodyuli ezenzelwe yona kwasekuqaleni.

Le ngcinga ide yehle iye kumacandelo olwakhiwo. Ngaba i-aluminiyam evela kwizithuba ze-tracker kunye nezakhelo zemodyuli zingahlelwa ngokulula kwaye zisetyenziswe kwakhona? Ishishini liya kuqalisa ukufuna amaxwebhu-ipaspoti yezinto - kuyo yonke into, ukuya kuthi ga Izilonda. Yongeza umaleko wobunzima, kodwa kunye nokubanakho ukubuyiswa kweendleko ekupheleni kobomi. Iinkampani ezakha la makhonkco othungelwano ajikelezayo ngoku ziya kuba ngabanini bexesha elizayo imarike.

Umba woLuntu: iSikhewu seZakhono kwiNdawo eGcinisiweyo yobuGcisa

Okokugqibela, umkhwa ekungekho mntu uthanda ukuthetha ngawo: siphelelwa ngabantu abalungileyo. Itekhnoloji ikhula ngokukhawuleza kunokuba abasebenzi banokuqeqeshwa. Yinto enye yokufaka iimodyuli zePERC; yenye ukugunyazisa i-inverter yokwenza igridi okanye ingxaki kwi-EMS yenkqubo yokugcina edibeneyo ye-DC. Ndibone iiprojekthi zilibazisekile ngenxa yokuba amagcisa asekuhlaleni, anezakhono kwi-PV yendabuko, ayengaqinisekiswanga ukuba asebenze kwicala le-MV transformer yesisombululo esitsha, esihlanganisiweyo se-inverter-skid.

Imarike yexesha elizayo iya kuphinda kabini. Kuya kubakho iprimiyamu yezisombululo ezidityaniswe kakhulu, ezihlakaniphileyo zokugcina ilanga-zokugcinwa kwegridi ezifuna amaqela akhethekileyo e-O&M, ahlala exhaswa ukude. Kwaye kuya kubakho imarike yezixhobo ezilula, ezinamandla ngakumbi kwizicelo ezingafuneki kangako. Ophumeleleyo akayi kuba neyona teknoloji ibalaseleyo, kodwa eyona nkqubo isebenzayo yokuyithumela, ukuyigcina, kunye nokuyixhasa ngemali. Oko kubandakanya ukuba nekhonkco lokubonelela elithembekileyo kuwo onke amacandelo, ukusuka kwi-IGBTs kwi-inverter ukuya kwiibholithi ezibamba zonke kunye. Ngenxa yokuba ekugqibeleni, umkhwa yingcinga nje de ibambelele ngokwenyama emhlabeni, kwaye loo nto isathatha i-wrench, isandla esiqeqeshiweyo ukuyijika, kunye nenxalenye engayi kusilela elangeni.