Dab tsi yog 7-tus cwj pwm footing? 

Koj hnov 7-tus cwj pwm footing tossed nyob ib ncig ntawm fastener specs los yog qub engineering sau ntawv, thiab ncaj ncees, feem ntau cov neeg lub qhov muag glaze tshaj. Nws suab zoo li ib co arcane code. Hauv kuv txoj haujlwm-kev cuam tshuam nrog cov qauv kev sib txuas, thauj tog rau nkoj bolts, thiab cov phaj hnyav hnyav-nws tsis yog ib txoj cai, tab sis ib qho tshwj xeeb, yuav luag qub-tsev kawm ntawv txoj kev txhais cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj. embedment qhov tob. Qhov tsis meej pem feem ntau pib vim tias tib neeg xav tias nws yog hais txog lub cev lub cev muaj xya tus cim rau ntawm nws. Tsis yog. Nws yog ib hom lus tshwj xeeb, luv luv. Qhov tseem ceeb, nws yog hais txog qhov ntev ntawm lub ntsia liaj qhov rooj uas yuav tsum tau muab faus rau hauv pob zeb los txhim kho nws lub zog tensile tag nrho, thiab 7-tus cim yog ib qho qauv rau kev xa tawm qhov ntev thiab qee zaum lwm yam cwj pwm nyob rau hauv nruj, qauv ntawm cov ntawv thiab cov lej. Kuv tau pom qhov no tuaj txog feem ntau hauv cov phiaj xwm qub txeeg qub teg lossis thaum cuam tshuam nrog qee yam khoom siv hauv kev lag luam los ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th lig.

Lub Anatomy ntawm 7-Character String

Cia peb txheeb xyuas qhov xya tus cim uas feem ntau sawv cev. Nws tsis yog universal, tab sis ib qho qauv uas kuv tau ntsib yog qee yam xws li 'L45x300'. Qhov ntawd yog rau lub cim, koj tuaj yeem hais. Ntxiv ib tug prefix los yog tsab ntawv suffix rau xov hom los yog tiav, thiab koj ntaus xya. Lub 'L' yuav qhia txog hom ntsia liaj qhov rooj tshwj xeeb (xws li J-bolt lossis L-bolt rau embedment). Lub '45' tuaj yeem yog txoj kab uas hla hauv millimeters, thiab '300' embedment qhov tob. Lwm hom yuav yog 'M36-400', qhov twg 'M' yog metric xov, '36' yog txoj kab uas hla, thiab '400' yog qhov embedment. Qhov tseem ceeb yog qhov tob - 300mm lossis 400mm - uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov taw qhia. Nws yog ib feem uas ua kom lub bolt tsis yog rub tawm hauv qab load. Kuv nco qab txog qhov project retrofit qhov qub 1980s specs hu rau 7-tus cwj pwm footing bolts, spec: H-B 5/8 × 24. Coj peb ib hnub los txiav txim siab tias H-B yog qhov zoo li cov chaw tsim khoom lag luam, 5/8 txoj kab uas hla, thiab 24 ntiv tes ntawm embedment. 7-tus cwj pwm yog tus piav qhia dav dav rau cov chav kawm tshwj xeeb.

Vim li cas hom ntawv no? Pre-digital drafting. Nws yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim los ntim cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau hauv qhov chaw txwv ntawm lub sijhawm kos duab. Koj tsis tuaj yeem sau ib kab lus. Koj xav tau ib txoj hlua uas tus kws tsim khoom siv caij nyoog lossis tus thawj saib xyuas chaw tuaj yeem saib thiab nkag siab. Qhov teeb meem niaj hnub no yog qhov kev paub tab tom ploj mus. Cov tub ntxhais hluas engineers pom nws thiab yuav tsum mus khawb los ntawm cov phau ntawv uas tsis siv lawm. Kuv tau yog tus txiv neej hauv xov tooj piav qhia nws rau tus neeg cog lus tsis meej pem ntau zaus tshaj qhov kuv suav tau.

Qhov kev cuam tshuam yog txhua yam hais txog kev thauj mus los. Qhov ntev embedded yog xam raws li lub pob zeb lub zog compressive thiab lub bolt lub zog tawm los kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev sib raug zoo. luv luv, thiab koj yuav muaj kev puas tsuaj loj rub tawm tsis ua haujlwm. Kuv ib txwm hla cov lus qub no nrog cov qauv tsim qauv niaj hnub, xws li ACI 318 Cov Ntawv Ntxiv D lossis nws qhov sib npaug, txhawm rau txheeb xyuas qhov txaus. Qee lub sij hawm cov qub specs yog overly conservative; qee zaum, txhawj xeeb, lawv tau ciam teb.

Daim ntawv thov tiag-lub ntiaj teb thiab cov pitfalls

Koj puas pom cov no nyob qhov twg? Cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob qub, cov twj tso kua mis rau cov tshuab loj loj, thiab cov qauv kev txhawb nqa rau hnyav conveyors. Qhov chaw mob feem ntau yog qhov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws. Koj tau txais daim duab hu rau a 7-tus cwj pwm taw bolt nrog 400mm embedment. Koj tshwm sim, thiab cov pob zeb uas twb muaj lawm tsuas yog 500mm tuab. Koj tsis tuaj yeem embed 400mm yam tsis tau tshuab tawm hauv qab. Tam sim no dab tsi? Tus neeg tsim qauv qub yuav tau xav tias yog ib lub pob zeb loj heev. Qhov no yog qhov uas cov roj hmab tau raws txoj kev. Koj yuav tsum tau rov tsim kho lub hauv paus thaiv (nqi, siv sijhawm) lossis nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev, xws li tom qab teeb tsa cov nplaum nplaum los yog cov anchors undercut, uas tuaj yeem ua tiav lub peev xwm zoo sib xws nrog luv embedment. Tab sis qhov ntawd yuav tsum muaj kev suav rov ua dua tshiab.

Lwm qhov pitfall yog kev tiv thaiv corrosion. Ntau ntawm cov qub specs no yog rau cov pa roj carbon steel bolts. Hauv cov nroj tsuag tshuaj lossis qhov chaw kho dej khib nyiab, qhov ntsia hlau ntawd, faus rau hauv pob zeb, tuaj yeem corrode los ntawm sab hauv. Kuv tau nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav forensic qhov twg qhov tsis ua hauj lwm tsis yog vim qhov ntev ntawm qhov txuas tab sis vim yog seem poob los ntawm corrosion ntawm lub pob zeb sib txuas. Tam sim no, thaum kuv pom 7 tus cwj pwm spec, ib qho ntawm kuv thawj cov lus nug yog hais txog ib puag ncig. Nws puas yuav tsum yog stainless? Yuav tsum muaj cov txheej txheem tiv thaiv? Tus thawj spec feem ntau ntsiag to ntawm qhov no.

Kev muag khoom yog nws mob taub hau. Koj tsis tuaj yeem taug kev mus rau hauv lub khw muag khoom tus qauv thiab thov rau 7-tus cwj pwm ko taw ntsia liaj qhov rooj. Koj yuav tsum tau txhais cov spec mus rau niaj hnub, cov ntsiab lus yuav khoom: qib khoom (piv txwv li, ASTM A307, A193 B7), txoj kab uas hla, xov suab, thiab tag nrho ntev (qhov tob tob ntxiv rau cov xov ntev ntev). Qhov no yog qhov uas muaj cov chaw tsim khoom txhim khu kev qha yog kub. Ib lub tuam txhab zoo li HANDAN ZITAI FREWER RAUG UA MOV., Ltd.Raws li Tuam Tshoj lub chaw tsim khoom loj hauv Yongnian, Hebei, feem ntau muaj lub peev xwm los tsim cov khoom tsis yog tus qauv, cov khoom hnyav rau cov lus qhia meej. Lawv qhov chaw nyob ze ntawm kev thauj mus los loj yog qhov ua tau zoo rau kev thauj mus los, tab sis tus nqi tiag tiag yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev txhawb nqa engineering los txhais cov kev cai qub txeeg qub teg rau hauv cov khoom lag luam.

Case in Point: A Retrofit Gone Awry

Kuv yuav piav qhia luv luv uas tsis yog kev puas tsuaj tab sis qhov ze-nco uas raug nqi sijhawm thiab nyiaj txiag. Peb tab tom txhim kho lub compressor tshiab ntawm lub ncoo uas twb muaj lawm hauv lub qub refinery. Cov duab kos, ib daim ntawv theej, teev Anchor Bolts (7-char footing): 4 req'd, saib nthuav dav 5/B. Cov ntsiab lus 5 / B tau ploj mus tab sis pom qee yam zoo li D32-550. Peb txhais nws li 32mm txoj kab uas hla, 550mm embedment. Lub hauv paus yog tuab txaus, yog li peb tau txais cov bolts-los ntawm ib tus neeg muag khoom hauv zos uas tau cog lus rau kev tsim khoom. Cov bolts tuaj txog, peb muab tso rau hauv lub template, ncuav lub grout. Thaum kawg torque-up, ib qho ntawm cov bolts pib spinning. Nws tau rub. Peb nres txhua yam.

Tom qab kev tshawb nrhiav frantic, peb paub peb qhov yuam kev. Nyob rau hauv thawj daim duab cov lus dab neeg me me, tus D tsis sawv rau txoj kab uas hla; nws sawv rau ib tug proprietary deformed-bar thauj tog rau nkoj hom los ntawm ib tug defunct German chaw tsim tshuaj paus. Lub 32 yog txoj kab uas hla, tab sis 550 yog qhov ntev, tsis yog qhov tob tob. Qhov embedment tau cim rau lwm qhov li 400mm. Peb cov ntsia liaj qhov rooj muaj qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm deformation qauv raws lub shank rau tag nrho 550mm, lub ntsiab lus ntawm daim ntawv cog lus lub zog yog qis dua li qhov xav tau. Peb yuav tsum tau tshem tawm cov grout, tshem tawm cov bolts, thiab pib dua. Zaj lus qhia? 7-tus cwj pwm tshwj xeeb yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis peb tsis tau khawb tob txaus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa niaj hnub. Peb xav tias hom ntawv yog universal. Nws tsis yog.

Qhov no yog vim li cas kuv tam sim no kho tej yam xws li spec li ib tug pib taw tes rau detective ua hauj lwm. Nws xav tau kev tshuaj xyuas tag nrho cov txheej txheem keeb kwm yav dhau los, cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb los ntawm lub sijhawm, thiab qee zaum txawm tias ncav cuag cov kws ua haujlwm so haujlwm yog tias qhov project tseem ceeb txaus.

Modern Equivalents thiab Obsolescence

Yog li, yog lub tswvyim ntawm a 7-tus cwj pwm taw tsis siv lawm? Feem ntau, yog, nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov terminology tshwj xeeb. Niaj hnub nimno engineering software thiab BIM (Building Information Modeling) qauv embed (tsis muaj pun npaj) tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv no parametrically. Lub thauj tog rau nkoj ntsia liaj qhov rooj nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv Revit muaj ntau ntau yam khoom txuas rau nws: txoj kab uas hla, ntev, embedment, khoom, lub zog kawg, corrosion kuj, installation torque. Qhov kev xav tau rau ib txoj hlua cryptic xya tus cim ploj mus.

Txawm li cas los xij, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus yog kiag li tsis dhau lawm. Kev qhia meej meej, tsis paub meej qhov tob yog qhov tseem ceeb dua li qhov qub. Peb tsuas ua nws txawv. Ib tug niaj hnub spec tej zaum yuav nyeem: Anchor Bolt: ASTM F1554 Qib 105, 1-1/4 txoj kab uas hla, hex taub hau, nrog 36 yam tsawg kawg nkaus embedment rau hauv pob zeb, f'c = 4000 psi. Qhov ntawd yog ntau cov cim, tab sis nws yog qhov tseeb. Cov keeb kwm ntawm 7-tus cwj pwm system yog ib qho kev ceeb toom kom meej thiab dav. Nws yuam kev qhuab ntuas ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees uas tej zaum peb tau ploj mus, tab sis peb tau txais qhov tseeb.

Rau cov neeg tsim khoom thiab cov neeg muag khoom niaj hnub no, kev txhais lus yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thaum kuv tau txais ib daim duab qub, kuv tsim ib daim ntawv txiav kom meej uas strips tawm lub jargon. Kuv yuav sau: Rau cov khoom cim 'L45x300' ntawm kev kos duab A-101, muab 4x thauj tog rau nkoj bolts, khoom siv: 304 Stainless Steel, txoj kab uas hla: 45mm, tag nrho cov xov ntev yuav tsum yog 700mm nrog 300mm ntawm huv shank rau embedment, xov rau ISO metric coarse suab. Kuv mam li xa qhov ntawd mus rau cov chaw tsim khoom xws li Zitai Fastener rau kev tsocai. Clarity tiv thaiv qhov yuam kev kim. Lawv pab neeg, paub txog cov qauv qub thiab tshiab, feem ntau tuaj yeem ua haujlwm los ntawm qhov tsis muaj teeb meem.

Cov ntsiab lus: Nws yog Hais Txog Qhov tob, Tsis yog Jargon

Thaum kawg ntawm lub hnub, 7-tus cwj pwm footing yog ib qho ntawm cov lus piav qhia keeb kwm. Yog tias koj nco qab ib yam, cia nws ua qhov no: lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab lus taw qhia rau qhov tseem ceeb embedment qhov tob ntawm ib qho fastener hauv pob zeb. Nws yog ib tug snapshot ntawm ib tug era ntawm engineering kev sib txuas lus. Niaj hnub no, peb muaj cov cuab yeej zoo dua thiab cov qauv qhia meej dua, tab sis qhov kev sib tw tseem ceeb tseem zoo ib yam: ua kom lub ntsiab lus steel yog ruaj khov rau hauv pob zeb kom nqa tau lub nra. Cov terminology ploj mus, cov kev suav tau ntau dua, tab sis xav tau kev saib xyuas kom meej meej ntawm lub khw kos duab thiab ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm yeej tsis hloov. Tsis txhob raug dai ntawm kev txiav txim siab xya tus cim; tsom mus rau kev txheeb xyuas txoj kev thauj khoom uas lawv tau txhais los xyuas kom meej. Qhov ntawd yog qhov tseeb coj los ntawm ob xyoo caum ntawm kev pom cov khoom no hauv cov tsiaj qus, los ntawm cov duab kos duab zoo nkauj rau cov duab kos duab kos duab.