Mumamva kuponda kwa zilembo 7 kuponyedwa mozungulira kapena zolemba zakale zaukadaulo, ndipo moona mtima, maso a anthu ambiri amayang'anitsitsa. Zikumveka ngati arcane code. Pantchito yanga-yokhudzana ndi zolumikizira zomangika, mabawuti a nangula, ndi mbale zolemetsa - si code, koma njira yeniyeni, pafupifupi yakusukulu yakale yofotokozera za bawuti. kuya kwa kuyika. Chisokonezochi nthawi zambiri chimayamba chifukwa anthu amaganiza kuti ndi za bolt yokhala ndi zilembo zisanu ndi ziwiri zosindikizidwapo. Si. Ndi chilankhulidwe chodziwika bwino, mwachidule. Kwenikweni, zimatanthawuza kutalika kofunikira kwa bawuti yomwe imayenera kukwiriridwa mu konkriti kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu zokhazikika, ndipo gawo la zilembo 7 ndi mawonekedwe operekera kukula kwake ndipo nthawi zina zikhalidwe zina mu chingwe cholimba, chokhazikika cha zilembo ndi manambala. Ndaziwona izi zikubwera kwambiri pazojambula zakale kapena ndikamagwira ntchito ndi zida zina zamafakitale kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20.

Anatomy ya Chingwe cha Makhalidwe 7

Tiyeni tifotokoze zomwe zilembo zisanu ndi ziwirizo zimayimira. Sipadziko lonse lapansi, koma mawonekedwe wamba omwe ndakumana nawo ndi ena ngati 'L45x300'. Ndiwo zilembo zisanu ndi chimodzi, munganene. Onjezani chilembo kapena chilembo chakumapeto kwa mtundu wa ulusi kapena kumaliza, ndipo mwagunda zisanu ndi ziwiri. 'L' angatanthauze mtundu wina wa bawuti (monga J-bolt kapena L-bolt yoyika). The '45' akhoza kukhala awiri mu millimeters, ndi '300' the kuya kwa kuyika. Mtundu wina ukhoza kukhala 'M36-400', pomwe 'M' ndi ulusi wa metric, '36' ndi m'mimba mwake, ndipo '400' ndiyo kuyika. Mfungulo ndi kuya - 300mm kapena 400mm - ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri. Ndilo gawo lomwe limatsimikizira kuti bolt sichimangotulutsa katundu. Ndikukumbukira pulojekiti yobwezeretsanso pomwe zoyambira za m'ma 1980 zimafuna mabawuti amtundu wa 7, zofananira: H-B 5/8×24. Zinatitengera tsiku kuti timvetsetse kuti H-B mwina ndi mndandanda wa opanga, 5/8 m'mimba mwake, ndi mainchesi 24 ophatikizidwa. Zilembo 7 zinali zofotokozera momveka bwino za mtunduwo.

Chifukwa chiyani mawonekedwe awa? Pre-digital drafting. Inali njira yophatikizika yolongedza zidziwitso zofunikira m'malo ochepa pandandanda yojambulira. Simunathe kulemba ndime. Mumafunika chingwe chomwe munthu wodziwa kupanga kapena woyang'anira malo atha kuchiyang'ana ndikumvetsetsa. Vuto masiku ano ndi loti chidziwitso chikuzirala. Mainjiniya ang'onoang'ono amaziwona ndipo amayenera kukumba m'mabuku akale. Ndakhala mnyamatayo pafoni ndikumufotokozera kwa kontrakitala wosokonezeka nthawi zambiri kuposa momwe ndingathere.

Tanthauzo lothandiza ndilokhudza kusamutsa katundu. Utali wophatikizidwawo umawerengedwa potengera mphamvu ya konkire komanso mphamvu ya zokolola za bolt kuti zitsimikizire mgwirizano woyenera. Kukafupi kwambiri, ndipo mutha kulephera kutulutsa. Nthawi zonse ndimayang'ana zolemba zakalezi ndi ma code a nangula amakono, monga ACI 318 Appendix D kapena zofanana zake, kuti nditsimikizire kukwanira. Nthawi zina zolemba zakale zinali zosamalitsa mopambanitsa; nthawizina, modandaula, iwo anali malire.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kwenikweni Padziko Lonse ndi Mavuto Odziwika

Kodi izi mumaziwona kuti? Malo opangira magetsi akale, zoyambira pampu zamakina akuluakulu amakampani, ndi zida zothandizira zonyamula katundu wolemera. Mkhalidwe wa tsamba nthawi zambiri ndizovuta kwambiri. Mumapeza chojambula choyitanira a 7-mapazi a zilembo bolt yokhala ndi 400mm embedment. Mumawonekera, ndipo maziko a konkire omwe alipo ndi 500mm okha. Simungathe kuyika 400mm popanda kuwomba pansi. Tsopano chiyani? Wopanga woyambayo atha kukhala atapanga chipika chachikulu cha konkriti. Apa ndi pomwe mphira umakumana ndi msewu. Muyenera kukonzanso chipika cha maziko (chokwera mtengo, chowononga nthawi) kapena kupeza njira ina yolumikizira, monga nangula zomata zomwe zaikidwa pambuyo pake kapena anangula odulira pansi, omwe amatha kukwaniritsa mphamvu yofananira ndikumangirira kwakufupi. Koma izi zimafuna kuwerengeranso kwathunthu.

Vuto linanso ndi chitetezo cha dzimbiri. Zambiri mwazinthu zakalezi zinali zazitsulo zachitsulo za carbon. Pamalo opangira mankhwala kapena m'malo oyeretsera madzi onyansa, bawutiyo, yokwiriridwa mu konkire, imatha kuwononga mkati. Ndakhala ndikufufuza zazamalamulo komwe kulephera sikunali chifukwa cha kutalika kwa kuyika koma chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa gawo kuchokera ku dzimbiri pa mawonekedwe a konkire. Tsopano, ndikawona mawonekedwe a 7, limodzi mwamafunso anga oyamba ndi okhudza chilengedwe. Ayenera kukhala opanda banga? Kodi payenera kukhala zokutira zoteteza? Zolemba zoyambirira nthawi zambiri sizikhala chete pa izi.

Sourcing ndi mutu wake womwe. Simungangolowa m'malo ogulitsira wamba ndikufunsa bolt ya zilembo 7. Muyenera kumasulira mawuwa m'mawu amakono, ogulidwa: kalasi yazinthu (monga ASTM A307, A193 B7), m'mimba mwake, ulusi wothira, ndi kutalika konse (kuya koyika kuphatikiza kutalika kwa ulusi wowonekera). Apa ndi pamene kukhala ndi wopanga wodalirika ndi golide. Kampani ngati Malingaliro a kampani Handan Zitai Fastener Manufacturing Co., Ltd., yochokera ku China lalikulu fastener kupanga likulu ku Yongnian, Hebei, nthawi zambiri amatha kupanga zinthu zimenezi sanali muyezo, ntchito zolemetsa kuti specifications yeniyeni. Malo omwe ali pafupi ndi maulalo akuluakulu amagalimoto ndi othandiza pazantchito, koma phindu lenileni lili muukadaulo wawo wothandizira kutanthauzira zofunikira zakalezi kukhala chinthu chopangidwa.

Case in Point: Kubwezeredwa Kwasokonekera

Ndigawana mwachidule mwachidule chomwe sichinali tsoka koma chosowa chomwe chimawononga nthawi ndi ndalama. Tinali kuyika makina osindikizira atsopano pa padi yomwe inalipo kale m'malo oyeretsera akale. Zojambula, kope la kope, zatchulidwa Anchor Bolts (7-char footing): 4 req'd, onani zambiri 5/B. Tsatanetsatane 5/B idazimiririka koma idawonetsa zina ngati D32-550. Timatanthauzira ngati 32mm m'mimba mwake, 550mm embedment. Mazikowo anali okhuthala mokwanira, choncho tinagula mabawutiwo—kudzera mwa munthu wina wa m’deralo amene anapereka ntchito yopeka. Maboti adafika, tidawayika mu template, ndikutsanulira grout. M'kati mwa torque yomaliza, imodzi mwa mabawuti inayamba kupota. Iwo anali atakoka. Tinasiya zonse.

Titafufuza movutikira, tinazindikira kulakwa kwathu. M'nthano yaying'ono yojambula, D sanayime m'mimba mwake; inayimira mtundu wa nangula wopunduka wochokera kwa wopanga yemwe watha ntchito waku Germany. 32 inali m'mimba mwake, koma 550 inali utali wonse, osati kuya kwake. Kuyikako kudasindikizidwa kwina kulikonse ngati 400mm. Bawuti yathu inali ndi mawonekedwe olakwika mozungulira shank yonse ya 550mm, kutanthauza kuti mphamvu ya ma bondi inali yotsika kwambiri kuposa momwe zimafunikira. Tinayenera kuchotsa grout, kuchotsa ma bolts, ndikuyambanso. Kodi tikuphunzirapo chiyani? Zolemba za zilembo 7 zinali chidziwitso, koma sitinafufuze mozama muzolemba zochirikiza zamasiku ano. Tinkaganiza kuti mtunduwo ndi wapadziko lonse lapansi. Sizinali.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake tsopano ndikuwona chilichonse chotere ngati poyambira ntchito yofufuza. Pamafunika kuunikanso mbiri yonse ya polojekitiyi, zomwe zidachitika kale, komanso nthawi zina kufikira mainjiniya opuma pantchito ngati polojekitiyo ndi yofunika kwambiri.

Zofanana Zamakono ndi Kutha Kwambiri

Choncho, lingaliro la a 7-mapazi a zilembo zachikale? Makamaka, inde, malinga ndi mawu enieni. Mapulogalamu amakono a uinjiniya ndi mitundu ya BIM (Building Information Modeling) amaika (palibe mawu ofunikira) deta yonseyi mokhazikika. Boti ya nangula mu mtundu wa Revit ili ndi zinthu zambiri zomwe zimalumikizidwa nayo: m'mimba mwake, kutalika, kuyika, zakuthupi, mphamvu zomaliza, kukana dzimbiri, torque yoyika. Kufunika kwa zingwe zobisika za zilembo zisanu ndi ziwiri kwapita.

Komabe, mfundo imeneyi si ntchito. Kufotokozera momveka bwino, mozama mozama momveka bwino ndikofunikira kwambiri kuposa kale. Timangochita mosiyana. Zolemba zamakono zitha kuwerengedwa: Anchor Bolt: ASTM F1554 Giredi 105, 1-1 / 4 m'mimba mwake, mutu wa hex, wokhala ndi 36 ophatikizidwa mu konkriti, f'c = 4000 psi. Ndizo zilembo zambiri, koma ndizomveka. Cholowa cha machitidwe 7 ndi chikumbutso kuti chikhale cholondola komanso chokwanira. Zinakakamiza kulangidwa kwachidule komwe mwina tataya, koma tapeza zomveka.

Kwa opanga zinthu ndi ogulitsa lero, kumasulira ndikofunika kwambiri. Ndikalandira chojambula chakale, ndimapanga pepala lomveka bwino lomwe limamasula mawu. Ndikhoza kulemba: Pachinthu cholembedwa 'L45x300' pojambula A-101, perekani ma bolts a 4x, zinthu: 304 Stainless Steel, m'mimba mwake: 45mm, kutalika kwa ulusi kukhala 700mm ndi 300mm ya shank yoyera yopachika, ulusi ku ISO metric coarse pitch. Kenako ndimatumiza kwa wopanga ngati Zitai Fastener kuti atchule. Kumveka bwino kumalepheretsa zolakwika zodula. Gulu lawo, lomwe limadziwika ndi miyezo yakale komanso yatsopano, nthawi zambiri limatha kugwira ntchito popanda vuto.

Kutsiliza: Ndi Za Kuzama, Osati Jargon

Pamapeto pa tsiku, kuponda kwa zilembo 7 ndi chidutswa cha mbiri yakale. Ngati mukukumbukira chinthu chimodzi, chikhale ichi: maziko a mawuwa amalozera ku zofunikira kwambiri kuya kwa kuyika cha chomangira mu konkriti. Ndi chithunzithunzi cha nthawi ya kulumikizana kwaukadaulo. Masiku ano, tili ndi zida zabwinoko komanso mfundo zomveka bwino, koma vuto lalikulu likadali lomwelo: kuonetsetsa kuti chinthu chachitsulo chimangiriridwa kukhala konkriti kuti chinyamule katundu. Mawuwa amazimiririka, kuwerengera kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, koma kufunikira koyang'anitsitsa mwatsatanetsatane pazithunzi za sitolo ndi malo antchito sizisintha. Osakhazikika pakulemba zilembo zisanu ndi ziwiri; kuyang'ana pakutsimikizira njira yolemetsa yomwe amayenera kuwonetsetsa. Izi ndiye zotengera zenizeni kuyambira zaka makumi awiri zowonera zinthu zakuthengo, kuchokera pazithunzi zowoneka bwino kupita kuzithunzi zopaka utoto wamafuta.