Kuyini unyawo lwezinhlamvu ezingu-7? 

Uzwa unyawo lwezinhlamvu ezingu-7 ziphonswa ngapha nangapha ku-fastener specs noma amanothi onjiniyela amadala, futhi uma sikhuluma iqiniso, amehlo abantu abaningi ayacwebezela. Kuzwakala njengekhodi ethile ye-arcane. Emgqeni wami womsebenzi-othintana nokuxhumana kwesakhiwo, ama-anchor bolt, namapuleti ayisisekelo asindayo-akuwona ikhodi, kodwa indlela ethile, cishe yesikole esidala yokuchaza ibhawodi. ukujula kokushumeka. Ukudideka kuvame ukuqala ngoba abantu bacabanga ukuthi imayelana nebhawodi elibonakalayo elinezinhlamvu eziyisikhombisa ezigxivizwe kulo. Akunjalo. Ulimi olucacisiwe, isifinyezo. Empeleni, ibhekisela kubude obudingekayo bebhawodi okufanele bugqitshwe kukhonkolo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla ayo aqinile, futhi ingxenye enezinhlamvu ezingu-7 ifomethi yokudlulisa lobo bukhulu futhi ngezinye izikhathi ezinye izimfanelo ngochungechunge oluqinile, olujwayelekile lwezinhlamvu nezinombolo. Ngikubonile lokhu kuvela kakhulu emidwebeni yephrojekthi eyifa noma lapho ngisebenzelana nokufakwa kwemishini ethile yezimboni kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20.

I-Anatomy Yochungechunge Lwezinhlamvu Eziyisi-7

Ake sihlukanise ukuthi lezo zinhlamvu eziyisikhombisa ngokuvamile zimeleni. Akuyona yonke indawo, kodwa iphethini evamile engihlangabezane nayo yinto efana ne-'L45x300'. Lokho kuyizinhlamvu eziyisithupha, ungase usho. Engeza isiqalo noma uhlamvu lwesijobelelo sohlobo lwentambo noma ukuqeda, bese ushaya isikhombisa. I-‘L’ ingase isho uhlobo oluthile lwebhawodi (njenge-J-bolt noma i-L-bolt yokushumeka). I-'45' ingaba ububanzi ngamamilimitha, futhi '300' the ukujula kokushumeka. Enye ifomethi ingase ibe ngu-‘M36-400’, lapho u-‘M’ kuwuchungechunge lwemethrikhi, ’36’ ingububanzi, futhi ‘400’ kuwukushumeka. Ukhiye ukujula—okungu-300mm noma 400mm—lokho ubukhulu bonyawo obubalulekile. Yingxenye eqinisekisa ukuthi ibhawudi ayikhiphi nje ngaphansi komthwalo. Ngikhumbula iphrojekthi ye-retrofit lapho ama-specs asekuqaleni wawo-1980 ayebiza amabhawodi onyawo anezinhlamvu ezingu-7, i-spec: H-B 5/8×24. Kusithathe usuku ukuze siqonde ukuthi i-H-B kungenzeka ibe uchungechunge lomkhiqizi, ububanzi obungu-5/8, namayintshi angu-24 wokushumeka. Izinhlamvu ezingu-7 bekuyincazelo egcwele yaleso sigaba sokucaciswa.

Kungani le fomethi? Ukubhalwa kwangaphambili kwedijithali. Bekuyindlela ehlangene yokupakisha imininingwane ebalulekile endaweni elinganiselwe ohlelweni lokudweba. Awukwazanga ukubhala isigaba. Ubudinga iyunithi yezinhlamvu umqambi ongumakadebona noma induna yesayithi engakwazi ukuyibuka futhi ayiqonde. Inkinga namuhla ukuthi ulwazi luyaphela. Onjiniyela abancane bayayibona futhi kufanele bahambe bemba amamanuwali aphelelwe yisikhathi. Ngike ngaba yilowo mfana ocingweni echazela usonkontileka odidekile izikhathi ezingaphezu kwalokho engingazibala.

Okushiwo okusebenzayo kumayelana nokudluliswa komthwalo. Lobo bude obushunyekiwe bubalwa ngokusekelwe kumandla okucindezela ukhonkolo namandla okukhipha ibhawodi ukuze kuqinisekiswe isibopho esifanele. Ifushane kakhulu, futhi usengozini yokwehluleka okuyinhlekelele kokukhipha. Ngihlala ngibhekisela kulezi zinkomba ezindala ngamakhodi esimanje e-anchor design, njenge-ACI 318 Appendix D noma okufana naso, ukuze ngiqinisekise ukufaneleka. Ngezinye izikhathi ama-specs amadala ayeqina ngokweqile; ngezinye izikhathi, ngokukhathazayo, zaziba semngceleni.

Isicelo Somhlaba Wangempela kanye Nezingibe Ezivamile

Uzibona kuphi lezi? Izinsiza ezindala zokuphehla ugesi, izisekelo zephampu zemishini emikhulu yezimboni, kanye nezakhiwo ezisekela amaconveyor asindayo. Isimo sesayithi ngokuvamile siyisithiyo esikhulu. Uthola umdwebo obiza a I-7-uhlamvu lwenhlamvu Ibhawodi elishumekiwe elingu-400mm. Uyavela, futhi isisekelo sikakhonkolo esikhona siwugqinsi ngo-500mm kuphela. Awukwazi ukushumeka u-400mm ngaphandle kokuphephula phansi. Manje yini? Umklami wangempela kungenzeka ukuthi uthathe ibhulokhi elikhulu likakhonkolo. Yilapho irabha ihlangana khona nomgwaqo. Kungase kudingeke udizayine kabusha ibhulokhi yesisekelo (ebizayo, edla isikhathi) noma uthole enye isistimu yokubambelela, njengamahange afakwe ngemva kokufakwa noma amahange anqanyuliwe, angafinyelela umthamo ofanayo ngokushumeka okufushane. Kodwa lokho kudinga ukubalwa kabusha kwesakhiwo esigcwele.

Omunye umgodi ukuvikela ukugqwala. Eziningi zalezi zimpawu zakudala bezingamabhowudi ensimbi e-carbon. Embonini yamakhemikhali noma endaweni yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile, leyo bhawodi, egqitshwe kukhonkolo, ingagqwala ngaphakathi. Ngike ngaba ophenyweni lwe-forensic lapho ukwehluleka kungabangelwanga ubude bokushumeka kodwa ngenxa yokulahleka kwesigaba ngenxa yokugqwala kusixhumi esibonakalayo sikakhonkolo. Manje, uma ngibona ukucaciswa kwezinhlamvu ezingu-7, omunye wemibuzo yami yokuqala umayelana nemvelo. Ingabe kufanele ingabi nebala? Ingabe kufanele kube khona okokuvikelayo? Ukucaciswa kwangempela kuvame ukuthula kulokhu.

Ukuthungatha ikhanda lakho siqu. Awukwazi ukumane ungene esitolo esijwayelekile sokubopha bese ucela ibhawudi lezinyawo eziyizinhlamvu ezingu-7. Udinga ukuhumushela i-spec kumatemu esimanjemanje, athengekayo: ibanga lezinto ezibonakalayo (isb., ASTM A307, A193 B7), ububanzi, ukuphakama kwentambo, kanye nobude obuphelele (ukujula kokushumeka kanye nobude bentambo eveziwe). Yilapho ukuba nomkhiqizi onokwethenjelwa kuyigolide. Inkampani efana I-Handan Zitai Fetesser Comment Co, Ltd., esekelwe kuhabhu enkulu yokukhiqiza yase-China e-Yongnian, e-Hebei, ngokuvamile inamandla okukhiqiza lezi zinto ezingajwayelekile, ezisindayo ukuze zibe nemininingwane enembile. Indawo yabo eduze nezixhumanisi ezinkulu zezokuthutha iyasebenza kwezokuthutha, kodwa inani langempela lisekusekelweni kwabo konjiniyela ukuze bahumushe lezi zidingo zefa zibe umkhiqizo okhiqizwayo.

I-Case in Point: I-Retrofit Gone Awry

Ngizokwabelana ngendaba emfishane eyayingeyona inhlekelele kodwa eseduze ebiza isikhathi nemali. Besifaka i-compressor entsha kuphedi ekhona endaweni yokuhluza endala. Imidwebo, ikhophi yekhophi, eshiwo I-Anchor Bolts (7-char footing): 4 req'd, bheka imininingwane 5/B. Imininingwane 5/B iphelile kodwa yabonisa okuthize okufana ne-D32-550. Sikuhumushe njengobubanzi obungu-32mm, ukushumeka okungu-550mm. Isisekelo sasiwugqinsi ngokwanele, ngakho sathola amabhawodi—ngomhlinzeki wendawo owanikeza inkontileka encane yokwenza. Ama-bolts afika, sawabeka esifanekiso, sathela i-grout. Ngesikhathi se-torque-up yokugcina, elinye lamabhawodi laqala ukuphenduka. Yayidonse. Samisa yonke into.

Ngemva kophenyo olunzulu, sabona iphutha lethu. Enganekwaneni encane yomdwebo wokuqala, i-D ayizange imele ububanzi; yayimele uhlobo lwehange lebha elikhubazekile elivela kumkhiqizi waseJalimane ongasekho. I-32 yayiyi-diameter, kodwa i-550 yayiyingqikithi yobude, hhayi ukujula kokushumeka. Okushumekiwe kumakwe kwenye indawo njengo-400mm. Ibhawodi yethu ibe nephethini yokuguqulwa engalungile eduze kwe-shank engu-550mm egcwele, okusho ukuthi amandla ebhondi abephansi kakhulu kunalokho obekudingeka. Kwadingeka sikhiphe i-grout, sisuse amabhawodi, futhi siqale phansi. Siyini isifundo? Ukucaciswa kwezinhlamvu ezingu-7 kwakuyinkomba, kodwa asizange simbe sijule ngokwanele kumadokhumenti asekelayo angaleso sikhathi. Sicabange ukuthi ifomethi ingeyomhlaba wonke. Bekungenjalo.

Kungakho manje sengithatha noma yikuphi ukucaciswa okunjalo njengendawo yokuqala yomsebenzi wabaseshi. Kudinga ukubuyekezwa kwamazinga aphelele omlando wephrojekthi, imininingwane yempahla kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuze kufike nonjiniyela asebethathe umhlalaphansi uma iphrojekthi ibaluleke ngokwanele.

Izilinganiso Zesimanje kanye Nokuphelelwa yisikhathi

Ngakho-ke, umqondo we-a I-7-uhlamvu lwenhlamvu isiphelelwe yisikhathi? Ikakhulukazi, yebo, ngokwemibandela yamagama athile. Isofthiwe yobunjiniyela besimanje namamodeli e-BIM (Imodeli Yokwakha Ulwazi) ashumeka (akukho pun ehlosiwe) yonke le datha ngokwepharamitha. Ibhawodi lehange kumodeli ye-Revit linenqwaba yezakhiwo ezinamathiselwe kuyo: ububanzi, ubude, ukushumeka, impahla, amandla okugcina, ukumelana nokugqwala, itorque yokufaka. Isidingo sochungechunge oluyimfihlo lwezinhlamvu eziyisikhombisa asisekho.

Nokho, isimiso asiphelelwa yisikhathi. Ukucacisa ukujula kokushumeka okucacile, okungadidayo kubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Senza ngokuhlukile nje. I-spec yesimanje ingase ifundeke: I-Anchor Bolt: I-ASTM F1554 IBanga le-105, ububanzi obuyi-1-1/4, ikhanda le-hex, nokushumekwa okungama-36 kokhonkolo, f’c=4000 psi. Lokho kubalingiswa abaningi, kodwa kucacile. Ifa lesistimu yezinhlamvu ezingu-7 liyisikhumbuzo sokuthi linembe futhi liphelele. Kuphoqe isiyalo esimfishane okungenzeka ukuthi silahlekile, kodwa sesikutholile ukucaciseleka.

Kubakhiqizi nabahlinzeki namuhla, ukuhumusha kuyisihluthulelo. Uma ngithola umdwebo omdala, ngakha ishidi elisikiwe elicacile elikhipha i-jargon. Ngingase ngibhale: Entweni ephawulwe ngokuthi ‘L45x300’ ekudwebeni A-101, hlinzeka ngamabhawodi ehange angu-4x, impahla: 304 Insimbi Engagqwali, ububanzi: 45mm, ubude bentambo buba ngu-700mm no-300mm we-shank ehlanzekile yokushumeka, intambo iye ku-ISO metric coarse pitch. Bese ngithumela lokho kumkhiqizi ofana ne-Zitai Fastener ukuze ngithole ikhotheshini. Ukucaca kuvimbela amaphutha abizayo. Ithimba labo, elijwayelene namazinga amadala namasha, ngokuvamile lingasebenza kusukela kulokho ngaphandle kokukhishwa.

Isiphetho: Imayelana Nokujula, Hhayi I-Jargon

Ekupheleni kosuku, unyawo lwezinhlamvu ezingu-7 luwucezu lwejagoni yobuchwepheshe yomlando. Uma ukhumbula into eyodwa, makube yilokhu: umongo wethemu ukhomba okubaluleke kakhulu ukujula kokushumeka ye-fastener kukhonki. Kuyisithombe esifushane senkathi yokuxhumana konjiniyela. Namuhla, sinamathuluzi angcono namazinga acace kakhudlwana, kodwa inselele ebalulekile isalokhu injalo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthi into yensimbi iboshelwe ngokuvikelekile kukhonkolo ukuze ithwale umthwalo. Amagama asetshenziswayo ayafiphala, izibalo ziba yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa isidingo sokunaka imininingwane yomdwebo wesitolo kanye nendawo yomsebenzi asishintshi. Ungalinge ubambe iqhaza ekuhlukaniseni izinhlamvu eziyisikhombisa; bagxile ekuqinisekiseni umzila womthwalo ababehloselwe ukuwuqinisekisa. Lokho kuyindaba yangempela kusukela emashumini amabili eminyaka okubona lezi zinto endle, kusukela emidwebeni ehlanzekile kuya emidwebeni yasensimini egcotshwe ngamafutha.