Anthu ambiri akamamva mawu akuti ‘seamless steel chubu’ amaganiza kuti ndi chitoliro chabe chopanda chowotcherera. Izi n’zoona, koma zili ngati kunena kuti galimoto yothamanga ndi galimoto yokhala ndi mawilo anayi basi. Nkhani yeniyeni ili m'kupanga kwake komanso komwe imagwera ngati simukudziwa zomwe mukuchita. Ndawonapo ma projekiti ambiri 'osasokonekera' ngati chopha-zonse cha 'zapamwamba', kungongoyang'ana zovuta za makulidwe a khoma kapena kuwonongeka kosayembekezereka m'malo ena. Sichipolopolo chamatsenga.

The Hot Rolled Reality ndi Zochita Zake

Njira yachikale ndiyo kuboola kozungulira kotentha-kutenga billet yolimba, kutenthetsa mpaka pulasitiki, ndi kuboola ndi mandrel. Zikumveka zolunjika, chabwino? Mdierekezi ali mwatsatanetsatane. Kutentha kozungulira ndikofunikira. Kuthamanga kwambiri, ndipo mumapeza kapangidwe kambewu kosagwirizana; wochedwa kwambiri, ndipo mukuwotcha ndalama pa nthawi ya ng'anjo. Ndimakumbukira gulu la mizere yothamanga kwambiri ya hydraulic yomwe idalephera kuyesa kukakamiza. Wolakwa? Kutsika kwa kutentha kosazindikirika mu 'dead zone' ya ng'anjo musanabooledwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chubu chikhale chong'ambika pang'ono panthawi yozizira pambuyo pake. Tidazipeza, koma linali phunziro lokwera mtengo pakudalira, koma kutsimikizira, ngakhale mbiri yanu yodalirika yang'anjo.

Ndiye pali nkhani ya sikelo. Chosanjikiza cha oxide chomwe chimapanga pakuwotcha sichimangosokoneza. Ikapanda kuchotsedwa bwino isanachedwenso, imakulungidwa pamwamba, ndikupanga malo oyambira kuti dzimbiri kapena kutopa. Mutha kukhala ndi chubu chomwe chimakwaniritsa kapangidwe kake komanso mphamvu yolimba pamapepala koma imatha kulephera nthawi isanakwane pakuyika kwapang'onopang'ono. Ndizovuta zosawoneka izi zomwe zimalekanitsa chubu chazinthu kuzinthu zodalirika.

Apa ndipamene chilengedwe cha malo opangira zinthu chimafunikira. Kukhala pafupi ndi malo ogulitsa kwambiri, monga malo opangira ma fastener ku Yongnian, Handan, sikungokhudza katundu. Ndi za kukhala ndi mwayi wopeza chithandizo chapadera, macheka olondola, ma labu oyesa osawononga, masitolo apadera ochizira kutentha - omwe amatha kuthana ndi kuboola pambuyo poboola bwino. Kampani ngati Malingaliro a kampani Handan Zitai Fastener Manufacturing Co., Ltd., pamene amadziwika ndi zomangira, amagwira ntchito pamalo omwe chidziwitso chazitsulo cha tubular ichi chili m'madzi, kunena kwake. Malo omwe ali pafupi ndi njira zazikulu zoyendera ndi mwayi wothandiza pakudya komanso kutumiza katundu womalizidwa, kutembenuza zomwe zimawoneka ngati zolemba zosavuta kukhala zotsika mtengo komanso zodalirika.

Zojambula Zozizira: Kumene Miyeso Imakhala Yovuta

Ngati kugudubuza kotentha kumakupatsani mawonekedwe oyambira, kujambula kozizira ndi komwe mumapeza mikwingwirima yolondola. Izi ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomwe kulolerana kwa OD ndi makulidwe a khoma kumakhala kolimba - ganizirani masilinda amagetsi kapena mipikisano yonyamula. Mukukoka chubu chotenthetsera kudzera pakufa ndi pamwamba pa mandrel. Ndi njira yankhanza pazakuthupi, kupangitsa kuuma kwakukulu.

Kusankhidwa kwa mafuta apa ndi bwenzi lopanda phokoso mu khalidwe. Kanema wosakanizidwa bwino wamafuta amatsogolera kukwiya, ndikulemba ID pamwamba. Ndawonapo machubu omwe amawoneka bwino kunja koma anali ndi zotupa mkati zomwe zimakulitsa nkhawa. Kwa silinda ya pneumatic, ndiyo njira yotsimikizika yotsikira pamzere. Chinyengo nthawi zambiri chisanakhale chithandizo-chophimba cha phosphate musanajambule chiyenera kukhala chofanana kuti chinyamule mafuta.

Ndipo inu simungakhoze kunyalanyaza annealing interpasses. Jambulani mochulukira popanda kuletsa kupsinjika, ndipo zinthuzo zimakhala zolimba komanso zolimba. Kukonzekera kwa mawerengedwewa kumatengera zomwe zachitika monga momwe zimawerengedwera. Zimamveka ngati mukukula - poyang'ana momwe chubu limabwerera pang'ono mutadutsa, kapena kusintha kosaoneka bwino kwa phokoso lomwe limapanga likamenyedwa. Izi sizinthu zamabuku; ndi savvy workshop.

Funso la Alloy: Sikuti Ndi Mphamvu Yokha

Aliyense amalumphira ku ASTM A106 kapena A53 pazitsulo za kaboni, kapena 304/316 chifukwa chosapanga banga. Koma kalasiyo ndi poyambira chabe. Tengani A106 Gulu B. Zabwino pazantchito zambiri zotentha kwambiri. Koma kulimba kwake m'malo otentha kumatha kukhala kodetsa nkhawa. Nthawi ina tinali ndi vuto ndi mzere wotsata nthunzi m'malo oyeretsera mafuta panthawi ya kuzizira kosayembekezereka. Mzere womwewo unali wabwino, koma chubu chopanda msoko chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira nthambi yaying'ono, kukumana ndi A106B spec, chinawonetsa zizindikiro za kugwedezeka. Yankho lake silinali chubu "chabwinoko" chopanda msoko, koma cholondola - kusinthira ku chitsulo chosakanizidwa bwino chokhala ndi mphamvu zabwino za Charpy pamagawo enieniwo.

Kwa zosapanga dzimbiri, mkangano wa 304 vs. 316 ndi nkhani zakale. Malo ovuta kwambiri ali mu 'pakati-pakati' mapulogalamu. Monga mzere wopangira chakudya wokhala ndi ma chlorinated caustic otsuka pafupipafupi. 316 ndiyabwino, koma ngati kuzizira kojambula sikutsatiridwa ndi yankho loyenera ndikuzimitsa, mumasiya zinthuzo zidziwitsidwa, kuyitanitsa chloride stress corrosion corrosion. Chubuchi chimakumana ndi ASTM spec, koma mbiri yokonza imawononga. Muyenera kugula kuchokera ku mphero kapena purosesa yomwe imamvetsetsa kugwiritsa ntchito komaliza, osati muyezo chabe.

Izi zikugwirizana ndi kupeza kuchokera kumadera okhwima a mafakitale. Wopanga ophatikizidwa pamenepo, monga Zitai Fastener, amamvetsetsa kuti chiphaso chazinthu ndi choposa pepala. Ndi chitsimikiziro cha kusungidwa ndi ndondomeko. Malingaliro awo ogwirira ntchito, opangidwa ndi mafakitale othamanga kwambiri, oyendetsedwa bwino kwambiri, mwachilengedwe amafikira kunjira yokhazikika yopezera zinthu zopangira komanso kuwongolera zinthu pazinthu monga. machubu opanda zitsulo, ngakhale atakhala otsika pansi. Kuwona tsamba lawo pa zitaifsteners.com, mukuwona kuyang'ana pakupanga zomangamanga ndi kuwongolera khalidwe - zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimangofunikanso pazinthu za tubular.

Kuyesa: Khulupirirani, koma Dulani ndi Etch

Zikalata ndizovomerezeka, koma ndi chithunzithunzi. Kuyesa kwa Hydrostatic ndikokhazikika, koma ndi mayeso otsimikizira, osati chitsimikizo cha mtsogolo. Mayesero omwe amawulula khalidwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri. Kuyesa kwaukadaulo kwa zolakwika zautali ndizofala tsopano, koma eddy pano paziwopsezo zapamtunda, makamaka pa ID, ndizocheperako ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mtengo wowonjezera pazogwiritsa ntchito zovuta.

Chowulula kwambiri, komanso chowononga, ndi mayeso a macroetch. Mumatenga mphete yachitsanzo, kuidula, kupukuta nkhope, ndi kuiika ndi asidi. Izi zikuwonetsa kutuluka kwa tirigu, tsankho lililonse lapakati pa billet loyambirira, ndipo, makamaka, kukhulupirika kwa zinthu zomwe msoko ungakhale mu chubu chowotcherera. Mu chubu chowona chopanda msoko, muyenera kuwona mizere yambewu yokhazikika. Kusokoneza kulikonse, mzere wocheperako wa zophatikizika kapena kupotoza, zikuwonetsa vuto pakuboola kapena kujambula. Ndi autopsy yomwe imafotokoza mbiri ya moyo wa chubu.

Tidakhazikitsa ndondomeko yowunikira ma macroetch maere pazambiri zomwe zikubwera, ngakhale kuchokera ku mphero zotsimikizika. Zinagwira vuto kamodzi pomwe mphero idasintha woperekera billet koma osakonzekeletsa bwino zoboola zawo pakuuma kwa zinthu zatsopano. Ma cert anali ofanana, koma zitsanzo zojambulidwa zidawonetsa njira yolumikizira yodetsa nkhawa. Gululo lidakanidwa chifukwa chotopa kwambiri ndipo linagwiritsidwa ntchito kwina. Zinatipulumutsa kulephera kwakukulu kwamunda.

Kuyenerera Kwambiri: Machining ndi Fabrication Nuances

Apa ndi pamene chiphunzitso chimakumana ndi lathe. Chubu chosasunthika, chifukwa cha kupanga kwake, nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi makina osakanikirana mozungulira mozungulira poyerekeza ndi chubu cha ERW (Electric Resistance Welded), pomwe msoko wowotcherera ukhoza kukhala ndi kulimba kosiyana pang'ono. Koma chimenecho sichowonadi chapadziko lonse. Chubu chozizira chosasunthika chimakhala ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu kotsalira. Ngati mulibe makina ofananira kapena kudula molemera kwambiri pa pass imodzi, ikhoza kupotoza-ovalize kapena kupindika-monga momwe kupanikizika kumakhalira. Chinyengo ndikuchiwumitsa, chisiyeni chikhale, kupsinjika chichepetse, kenako kumalize makina. Imawonjezera masitepe, koma ndi njira yokhayo ya magawo olondola.

Kuwotchera cholumikizira pa chubu chopanda msoko kungakhalenso kovutirapo. Malo okhudzidwa ndi kutentha amagwirizana ndi microstructure yozizira. Pamalumikizidwe ovuta, nthawi zambiri amalangizidwa kuti atseke machubu asanayambe kuwotcherera, yomwe ndi ntchito yomwe opanga ambiri amailumpha chifukwa chosindikiza sichimayimitsa. Ndi kusiyana kwatsatanetsatane komwe kumabweretsa kulephera msanga pakhosi la weld. Nthawi zonse ndimawonjezera cholemba pachithunzichi: Kukonzekera kwa makina opangira ma chubu olumikizidwa ndi machubu olumikizirana.

Zimatengera izi: kufotokozera chubu chachitsulo chosasinthika ndi chiyambi cha kukambirana, osati mapeto. Ndizinthu zomwe zimatanthauzidwa mochuluka ndi kusakhalapo kwake - kusowa kwa msoko wowotcherera - monga ulendo weniweni wa kutentha, mphamvu, ndi kulamulira komwe kunayambitsa. Kudalirika kwake kumadalira zinthu zosaoneka: mpweya wa ng'anjo panthawi yotentha, mafuta opangira mafuta panthawi yojambula, nthawi ya ng'anjo. Mumakulitsa ulemu kaamba ka icho, osati monga chinthu cholembedwa papepala la zinthu, koma monga chopangidwa ndi luso laluso locholoŵana. Ndicho chimene chimatsimikizira ngati ndi chitoliro chabe kapena chigawo chodalirika.